3D Bioprinting and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (eBook)

John P. Fisher, Kam Leong, Lijie Grace Zhang (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2015 | 1. Auflage
392 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-800664-1 (ISBN)

3D Bioprinting and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering provides an in depth introduction to these two technologies and their industrial applications. Stem cells in tissue regeneration are covered, along with nanobiomaterials. Commercialization, legal and regulatory considerations are also discussed in order to help you translate nanotechnology and 3D printing-based products to the marketplace and the clinic. Dr. Zhang's and Dr. Fishers' team of expert contributors have pooled their expertise in order to provide a summary of the suitability, sustainability and limitations of each technique for each specific application. The increasing availability and decreasing costs of nanotechnologies and 3D printing technologies are driving their use to meet medical needs, and this book provides an overview of these technologies and their integration. It shows how nanotechnology can increase the clinical efficiency of prosthesis or artificial tissues made by bioprinting or biofabrication. Students and professionals will receive a balanced assessment of relevant technology with theoretical foundation, while still learning about the newest printing techniques. - Includes clinical applications, regulatory hurdles, and risk-benefit analysis of each technology. - This book will assist you in selecting the best materials and identifying the right parameters for printing, plus incorporate cells and biologically active agents into a printed structure - Learn the advantages of integrating 3D printing and nanotechnology in order to improve the safety of your nano-scale materials for biomedical applications

3D Bioprinting and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering provides an in depth introduction to these two technologies and their industrial applications. Stem cells in tissue regeneration are covered, along with nanobiomaterials. Commercialization, legal and regulatory considerations are also discussed in order to help you translate nanotechnology and 3D printing-based products to the marketplace and the clinic. Dr. Zhang's and Dr. Fishers' team of expert contributors have pooled their expertise in order to provide a summary of the suitability, sustainability and limitations of each technique for each specific application. The increasing availability and decreasing costs of nanotechnologies and 3D printing technologies are driving their use to meet medical needs, and this book provides an overview of these technologies and their integration. It shows how nanotechnology can increase the clinical efficiency of prosthesis or artificial tissues made by bioprinting or biofabrication. Students and professionals will receive a balanced assessment of relevant technology with theoretical foundation, while still learning about the newest printing techniques. - Includes clinical applications, regulatory hurdles, and risk-benefit analysis of each technology. - This book will assist you in selecting the best materials and identifying the right parameters for printing, plus incorporate cells and biologically active agents into a printed structure- Learn the advantages of integrating 3D printing and nanotechnology in order to improve the safety of your nano-scale materials for biomedical applications

Chapter 1

Nanotechnology: A Toolkit for Cell Behavior

Christopher O’Brien1

Benjamin Holmes1

Lijie Grace Zhang1,2
1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
2 Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA

Abstract

Tissue engineering seeks to effectively manipulate cellular populations to improve the function of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. Many techniques can affect cell behavior; however, in order to maintain desirable function, scientists and engineers design solutions that are as biomimetic as possible. True biomimeticity is very challenging without the incorporation of nanotechnology. Since cells in human tissues are surrounded by a 3D hierarchical tissue extracellular matrix containing numerous nano components, a revolutionary change in tissue engineering is to explore biomimetic nanobiomaterials and advanced 3D nano/microfabrication techniques for creating novel tissue constructs and regulating cell behavior. This chapter will provide an overview of recent nanotechnology in tissue engineering applications. We will put special emphasis on integrating cutting-edge 3D nano/microfabrication techniques with nanobiomaterials for complex tissue and organ regeneration.

Keywords

Nanotechnology

nanobiomaterials

nanofabrication

tissue regeneration

cells

scaffold

1.1. Introduction

Scientists and researchers have been fascinated with the details of life at small scales ever since Robert Hooke saw the evidence of small structures in cork that he coined cells. This spurred the creation of the compound microscope and the quest of the late 1600s to discover how life operates beneath our very own eyes. That quest has continued even to this day as scientists look for smaller and smaller constituents that contribute to life as we know it; from proteins to functional groups, everything has an important role. The collective scientific gaze looked for finer and finer components to life, and for a short while now has focused on the prevalence of the nano world.

One hundred to one thousand times smaller than Hooke’s observed cork cells, researchers have determined that materials and features of less than 100 nm in at least one dimension can have profound effects on the behavior of cells and further tissue and organ regeneration (Zhang and Webster, 2009). When examining nature, using nanotechnology for tissue regeneration becomes obvious. In fact, human cells create and continually interact directly with their natural nanostructured environment, called extracellular matrix (ECM). This momentous discovery spurred many researchers to attempt to more effectively mimic natural biology by creating novel nanobiomaterials and designing nanocomposite scaffolds for improved tissue and organ regenerations (Biggs et al., 2007; Jang et al., 2010; Chopra et al., 2012). Decreasing material size to the nano scale dramatically increases surface roughness and the surface area to volume ratio of materials, and may lead to a higher surface reactivity and many superior physiochemical properties (i.e. mechanical, electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties) (Zhang and Webster, 2009). The excellent properties of nanobiomaterials make them hold great potential for a wide range of biomedical applications, particularly advanced tissue/organ regeneration.

With the exponential growth in the human population and the similarly rapid increase in lifespan worldwide, there is an enormous market for various tissue and organ transplantations and engraftments. Current treatment options for damaged tissues and organs are nonideal, and often involve severe tissue/organ shortages, painful surgeries, and long recovery times without offering a complete restoration of the tissue’s and organ’s function. Simultaneously, in recent years, many health professionals have been advocating for a more active lifestyle with increased exercise and thus an increased risk of injury. These factors, and many others, put a strain on existing treatment methods and hallmark their many weaknesses. For most tissue damage caused by diseases or injuries, many current treatment methods lack the ability to restore the affected area to a level of functionality equivalent to healthy native tissue. They instead provide a stop-gap or temporary solution that either slows the progress of further degeneration or requires sacrifice of other healthy tissue (autografts). Many researchers and doctors hope that by increasing understanding of how cells and tissues interact on the nano scale and creating biomimetic nanostructured tissue constructs to better emulate natural designs, solutions that more effectively treat diseases and injuries can be discovered.

In the following sections, we will focus on the current state of nanotechnology for a series of tissue and organ regeneration. In addition, we will put special emphasis on integrating cutting-edge 3D nano/microfabrication techniques with nanobiomaterials for complex tissue and organ regeneration applications. These nanobiomaterial constituents can be made of nearly any material imaginable, including carbon nanomaterials, self-assembly nanomaterials, natural or synthetic polymers, ceramics, drug-containing spheres, or metal particles. Researchers strive to combine the appropriate nanobiomaterials, cells, and growth factors to create the ideal biomimetic tissue engineered construct that could surmount traditional methods of injury mitigation.

1.2. Nanobiomaterials for Tissue Regeneration

1.2.1. Carbon Nanobiomaterials

1.2.1.1. Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon and carbon derivatives are some of the most versatile nanomaterials that tissue engineers have in their arsenal (Zhang et al., 2009a; Tran et al., 2009). In addition to constituting 18% of the average human body by mass (Frieden, 1972), carbon is a highly flexible element that can assume many nanometer-sized structures. One of the most well-explored carbon nanomaterials is carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Figure 1.1). CNTs have several different types, but those used in the tissue engineering field are primarily multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) or single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs). They are one of the strongest materials known (Yu et al., 2000; Terrones, 2004), and can exhibit semiconducting (Jung et al., 2013) and conducting (Lan and Li, 2013) properties, making them interesting media for stimulating tissue regeneration.

Figure 1.1 Comparison of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers showcasing their morphological differences, and relative difference in diameter. Image is from Kim et al. (2013).

One of the most prominent features of CNTs is their ability to significantly influence the electrical conductivity of scaffolds. This trait is of particular interest to groups studying tissues that rely heavily on signaling to perform functions, such as cardiac tissue. In one example, gelatin methacrylate hydrogel scaffolds modified with incorporated CNTs expressed improved cell behavior when seeded with rat cardiomyocytes. The tissue exhibited increased synchronous beating rate and a significantly lower threshold for excitation when compared to control samples without incorporated CNTs (Shin et al., 2013). Furthermore, CNTs also tend to increase cardiomyocyte proliferation and maturation in vitro (Martinelli et al., 2013; Shin et al., 2013; Martinelli et al., 2012). Although CNTs are used for several other fields within tissue engineering, they appear to selectively steer mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward a cardiac lineage when introduced into cell culture media and exposed to electrical stimulation (Mooney et al., 2012).

Many researchers have also drawn upon the high electrical conductivity exhibited by CNTs to create conductive scaffolds for neural tissue regeneration (Gacem et al., 2013). Improved peripheral nervous system (PNS) (Serrano et al., 2014) and central nervous system (CNS) (Kim et al., 2014) regeneration and stem cell performance (Serrano et al., 2014) have been observed when utilizing CNTs. In particular, a 3D porous scaffold was fabricated from chondroitin sulfate, a biomaterial constituent of native nervous tissue, and MWCNTs via a freeze-drying method, coated with polylysine, and cultured with rat embryonic neural progenitor cells. After 20 days of culture, a viable cell population of more neuron than glial cells was observed, contrasting the 2D, CNT-less controls (Serrano et al., 2014). In another study, MWCNTs were combined with collagen to create a collagen–CNT nanomaterial scaffold that accelerated and directed differentiation of human decidua parieltalis stem cells into a neural lineage (Sridharan et al., 2013). The nanocomposite scaffold elucidated a previously unknown differentiation pathway of parieltalis cells, unique to this scaffold. In addition, CNTs can also be used to reveal important mechanisms of neuronal activity. In this specific study, MWCNTs with a small number of walls, dubbed “few-walled CNTs,” were used as a substrate to examine the chloride shift; a hallmark trait of neuronal disorder and injury (Liedtke et al., 2013). Primary CNS neurons were found to...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	14.1.2015
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege
	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie ► Orthopädie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
	Technik ► Medizintechnik
	Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
ISBN-10	0-12-800664-1 / 0128006641
ISBN-13	978-0-12-800664-1 / 9780128006641

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