Mouse in Biomedical Research (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Normative Biology, Immunology, and Husbandry 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Foreword 12
Preface 14
List of Reviewers for Chapters in This Volume 16
Chapter 1. Gnotobiotics 18
I. INTRODUCTION 18
II. STERILE ENVIRONMENT 20
III. INDUCTION OF GNOTOBIOSIS 27
IV. MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING 29
V. MAINTENANCE OF BREEDING COLONIES 30
VI. THE SHIPMENT OF GNOTOBIOTES 31
VII. LABORATORY FACILITIES FOR USING GNOTOBIOTES 32
Chapter 2. Management and Design of Breeding Facilities 34
I. INTRODUCTION 35
II. FACILITY DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT 35
III. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FACTORS 38
IV. MANAGEMENT AND HUSBANDRY 42
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 50
REFERENCES 51
Chapter 3. Design and Management of Research Facilities for Mice 54
I. INTRODUCTION 54
II. FACILITY DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT 55
III. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BECONSIDERED IN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT 62
IV. CONCLUSIONS 66
REFERENCES 66
Chapter 4. Nutrition 68
I. INTRODUCTION 69
II. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 69
III. FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 69
IV. REQUIRED NUTRIENTS 71
V. CLASSIFICATION OF DIETS 76
VI. CONSIDERATIONS IN DIET SELECTION 78
VII. DIET FORMULATION 79
VIII. DIET MANUFACTURE 80
IX. PHYSICAL FORMS OF MOUSE DIETS 81
X. DIET STORAGE 81
XI. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS 81
REFERENCES 81
Chapter 5. Animal Health Surveillance and Health Delivery Systems 86
I. INTRODUCTION 86
II. EVALUATION OF INCOMING MICE 87
III. METHODS OF DISEASE DETECTION 89
IV. INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS 95
V. MEDICAL ACTION 95
VI. IMPACT ON RESEARCH 97
VII. SUMMARY 97
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 98
REFERENCES 98
Chapter 6. Environmental and Equipment Monitoring 100
I. INTRODUCTION 100
II. MANAGEMENT 101
III. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 102
IV. EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS 104
V. FEED AND BEDDING 109
VI. SANITATION 110
VII. MONITORING FOR PESTS 112
VIII. CONCLUSION 114
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 114
REFERENCES 114
Chapter 7. Anatomy 118
I. INTRODUCTION 119
II. EXTERNAL FEATURES 119
III. SKELETON 120
IV. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 122
V. NERVOUS SYSTEM 122
VI. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 125
VII. LYMPH NODES 127
VIII. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 129
IX. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 130
X. URINARY SYSTEM 132
XL MALE GENITAL SYSTEM 132
XL MALE GENITAL SYSTEM 132
XII. FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM 133
XIII. ENDOCRINE ORGANS 135
XIV. OTHER ORGANS 136
XV. ORGAN WEIGHTS 136
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136
REFERENCES 136
Chapter 8. Embryology 138
I. PREIMPLANTATION 138
II. IMPLANTATION 141
III. DIFFERENTIATION 141
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLACENTA 151
V. STAGING OF EMBRYOS 152
REFERENCES 152
Chapter 9. Reproductive Physiology 154
I. INTRODUCTION 155
II. DETERMINATION OF SEX 155
III. GAMETOGENESIS 156
IV. PUBERTY 163
V. MATING 163
VI. INITIATION OF DEVELOPMENT 163
VII. IMPLANTATION 165
VIII. PREGNANCY 167
IX. PARTURITION 169
X. LACTATION 169
XI. LITTER SIZE 170
XII. REPRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN 171
XII. REPRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN 171
XIII. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 171
XIV. TECHNIQUES IN REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY 175
REFERENCES 175
Chapter 10. Endocrinology 182
I. INTRODUCTION 183
II. PITUITARY GLAND 183
III. THYMUS GLAND 198
IV. THYROID GLAND 199
V. PARATHYROID GLANDS 204
VI. ENDOCRINE PANCREAS 206
VII. ADRENAL GLANDS 213
VIII. KIDNEY 220
IX. OVARY 225
X. TESTIS 235
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 241
REFERENCES 241
Chapter 11. Physiology 264
I. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM* 265
II. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY* 269
III. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM* 273
IV. METABOLISM* 277
V. THERMOREGULATION* 280
VI. RENAL PHYSIOLOGY* 282
VII. WATER REGULATION* 285
VIII. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY* 288
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 295
REFERENCES 295
Chapter 12. Hematology 310
I. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS 311
II. HEMOPOIESIS AND STEM CELL FUNCTION 316
III. THE ERYTHRON 318
IV. BLOOD VOLUME 321
V. BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS 324
VI. WHITE CELLS 325
VII. PLATELETS 325
VIII. COAGULATION 326
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 327
REFERENCES 327
Chapter 13. Clinical Biochemistry 332
I. INTRODUCTION 332
II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESULTS OF CLINICAL CHEMICAL ASSAYS 333
III. DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE RANGES 334
IV. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY:PRECLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 337
V. INTERPRETATIVE CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 338
VI. TRENDS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 343
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 344
REFERENCES 344
Chapter 14. Gastrointestinal Microflora 346
I. INTRODUCTION 346
II. SUCCESSION OF BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF THEMOUSE 348
III. THE PHENOMENON OF ADHERENCE 354
IV. THE ROLE OF THE MICROFLORA INHEALTH AND DISEASE 356
V. SUMMARY 360
REFERENCES 361
Chapter 15. Immunoglobulins and Immunoglobulin Genes 366
I. IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE AND DEFINITIONS 367
IL IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES AND DIFFERENTIATION MECHANISMS 370
III. CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION OF GENES 379
IV. SYSTEMATICS OF V REGION GENES 380
V. POLYMORPHISMS OF Ig GENES 382
VI. IgCH CLASSES: ASSEMBLY, METABOLISM,AND PHYSIOLOGY 390
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 394
REFERENCES 394
Chapter 16. Lymphocyte Immunogenetics 400
I. INTRODUCTION 400
II. T CELLS: SOME SYSTEMS OF SPECIAL INTEREST 401
III. B CELLS 404
IV. MOLECULAR FUNCTION 404
V. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE SURFACE PHENOTYPE 405
VI. INDUCTION OF THE SURFACE PHENOTYPE 406
REFERENCES 407
Chapter 17. Immune Response Disorders 410
I. INTRODUCTION 410
II. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 410
III. MOUSE MODELS OF HUMAN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE 411
IV. Other Mouse Models of Immune Response Disorders 415
REFERENCES 416
Chapter 18. Biomethodology and Surgical Techniques 420
I. INTRODUCTION 421
II. HANDLING, IDENTIFICATION, AND RESTRAINT 422
III. ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS OR OTHER COMPOUNDS 423
IV. COLLECTION OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS 427
V. ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS 431
VI. ANESTHETICS 432
VII. SURGICAL PROCEDURES 438
VIII. POSTANESTHETIC AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE 447
IX. EUTHANASIA 447
X. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES AND NECROPSY 448
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 449
REFERENCES 449
Index 458