Plankton & Productivity in the Oceans (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Phytoplankton 4
Copyrigth Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Acknowledgements 12
Introduction 14
Chapter 1. Physical Aspects of the Oceanic Environment 16
Heat Balance of the Ocean 18
Temperature Cycles 20
Vertical Temperature Distribution 21
Water Budget of the Ocean 25
T-S Diagrams and the Deep Ocean Circulation 29
Surface Ocean Circulation 32
The Gulf Stream 36
North Pacific Ocean 38
The Antarctic Convergence 39
Upwelling 40
Coastal Areas: The North Sea 40
Estuaries 44
Chapter 2. Chemical Composition and Characteristics of Seawaterf 46
Processes of Supply and Removal of Constituents in the Ocean 47
Particulate and Dissolved Material in Seawater 49
Salinity and Chlorinity 50
Major Dissolved Constituents 52
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Material 56
Dissolved Gases other than Carbon Dioxide 60
Redox Potential 65
Carbon Dioxide and the Carbonate System 67
Micronutrient Elements and their Relationships with Oxygen: Anoxic Conditions 70
Minor Elements 74
Chapter 3. Primary Production 80
Chemo-autotrophic Production 81
Photo-autotrophic Production 82
Photosynthetic Pigments 83
Dark (Heterotrophic) Fixation of Carbon Dioxide 90
Products of Photosynthesis 91
Factors influencing Photosynthesis 94
Growth and Photosynthesis 120
The Applicability of Culture Experiments 123
Compensation Intensity 124
Phytoplankton Respiration 127
Excretion by Algae 132
Primary Production and Depth in the Marine Environment 141
Chapter 4. The Algae of the Phytoplankton 148
A Review of the Major Classes 148
The Biochemical Composition of Algae 206
Chapter 5. Phytoplankton Crop 218
Methods of Assessment 218
Regional Differences in Crop 222
Temporal Variations in Crop 227
Species Diversity 235
Communities and Species Succession 238
Phytoplankton of Warmer Seas 247
Estuarine Phytoplankton of Temperate Regions 253
Phytoplankton of High Latitudes 257
Phytoplankton of Boreal Waters 258
Coccolithophorids and the Nanoplankton 264
Chapter 6. Factors Limiting Primary Production: Light and Temperature 274
Incident Light and its Transmission in Seawater 274
Methods for Measuring the Attenuation of Light and Variation in Transparency in the Sea 280
Quality of Transmitted Light in the Sea 282
Light and Seasonal Effects 285
Significance of Ice Flora 286
Light and Regional Differences in Crop and Production 288
Stability and Temperature: Turbidity 291
Stratification and the Vertical Distribution of Phytoplankton 301
Chapter 7. Factors Limiting Primary Production: Nutrients 312
Forms of the Principal Micronutrients and their Interconversions in Seawater 314
The Distribution of the Principal Micronutrients and the Processes by which they arise 321
Utilization of Nutrients by Phytoplankton 339
Environmental Relationships between Concentrations of Nutrients and Primary Productivity 352
Trace Substances other than Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Silicon 356
Chapter 8. Factors Limiting Primary Production:Grazing 361
Zooplankton Grazing 361
Grazing in Mathematical Simulation 368
Time Delays in Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Production: Seasonal Variations 375
Selective Feeding 387
Artificial Plankton Ecosystems 396
Chapter 9. Primary Production: Global Considerations 407
Methods for Measuring Primary Production in the Oceans 407
Regional Differences in Primary Production 419
Transfer Efficiency 466
References 471
Index 492