Introduction to Mining Seismology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
An Introduction to Mining Seismology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
1.1 Seismicity in Underground Mines 13
1.2 Seismicity Induced by Surface Mining 21
1.3 The Scope of the Book 23
Chapter 2. Principal Types of Mine Tremors 26
2.1 Seismic Events at Stope Faces 26
2.2 Geologic Discontinuities and Seismicity 30
2.3 Bimodal Distribution of Mine Tremors: An Introduction 33
Chapter 3. Seismic Waves at Short Distances 35
3.1 Displacement and Strain 35
3.2 Stress 37
3.3 Stress-Strain Relations 40
3.4 Equations of Motion 42
3.5 Plane Seismic Waves 45
3.6 Spherical Waves 48
3.7 Plane Seismic Waves in a Layered Medium 49
Chapter 4. Location of Seismic Events in Mines 59
4.1 Classic Approach and Its Computational Aspects 60
4.2 Bayesian Approach 69
4.3 Fedorov's Generalization of Least-Squares Procedure: Location with Approximate Velocity Models 74
4.4 Relative Location Technique 76
4.5 Simultaneous Hypocenter and Velocity Determination 80
4.6 Other Location Methods 85
Chapter 5. Optimal Planning of Seismic Networks in Mines 89
5.1 Theoretical Background 90
5.2 Special Cases and Applications 93
Chapter 6. Selected Topics from Seismic Tomography in Mines 104
6.1 Mathematical Principles 105
6.2 Effects of Seismic Ray Bending 108
6.3 Inversion Techniques 110
Chapter 7. Stress-Induced Anisotropy and the Propagation of Seismic Waves 116
7.1 Stress–Strain Relations 117
7.2 Equations of Motion 118
7.3 Anisotropic Symmetry Systems 120
7.4 Wave Propagation in Cracked Solids 122
7.5 Shear-Wave Splitting Induced by Anisotropy 126
7.6 Shear-Wave Splitting in Isotropic Media 134
Chapter 8. Attenuation and Scattering of Seismic Waves 139
8.1 Anelastic Effects 140
8.2 Viscoelastic Constitutive Relations 141
8.3 Intrinsic Attenuation and Its Quality Factor Q 148
8.4 Attenuation in Anisotropic Media 155
8.5 Scattering Effects and Coda Waves 157
8.6 Single-Scattering Models of Coda Generation 164
8.7 Multiple-Scattering Models 168
8.8 Frequency Dependence of Q and Backscattering Coefficient 174
8.9 Methods of Calculation of Quality Factor Q 178
Chapter 9. Focal Mechanism of Mine Tremors 187
9.1 Single Forces in Homogeneous Media 188
9.2 Concentrated Force Couples 196
9.3 Double-Couple Sources 200
9.4 Determination of Fault-Plane Solutions 209
9.5 Moment-Tensor Inversion 220
9.6 Non-Double-Couple Seismic Events 231
Chapter 10. Seismic Source Modeling 235
10.1 Recent Developments in Fracture Mechanics 235
10.2 Dislocation and Crack Source Models 243
10.3 Complex Source Models: Asperities and Barriers 252
10.4 Earthquake Sequences 260
10.5 Synthetic Seismograms 266
10.6 Faults and Fractals 270
Chapter 11. Seismic Spectra and Source Parameters 275
11.1 Spectral and Time-Domain Parameters 276
11.2 Seismic Moment 288
11.3 Magnitude 289
11.4 Seismic Energy 292
11.5 Source Dimensions 295
11.6 Stress-Release Estimates 302
11.7 Scaling Relations 305
Chapter 12. Statistical Assessment of Seismic Hazard in Mines: Statistical Prediction 312
12.1 The Gutenberg–Richter Frequency–Magnitude Distribution 312
12.2 Extreme Distributions of Magnitudes 321
12.3 Bimodal Distributions of Mine Tremors 325
12.4 Seismicity and Rock Extraction 333
12.5 The Number and Energy of Seismic Events in the Stope Area 338
12.6 Statistics with Incomplete and Uncertain Data 340
Chapter 13. Prediction and Prevention of Large Seismic Events 347
13.1 Precursory Phenomena 348
13.2 Dilatancy Models 353
13.3 Prevention 356
References 358
Selected Bibliography 397
Index 400
International Geophysics Series 408