Physics Applied to Anaesthesia (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Physics Applied to Anaesthesia 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Foreword to First Edition 6
Preface 8
List of Abbreviations 14
Respiratory Symbols 16
Conversion Table 18
Chapter 1. 
20 
TRIGONOMETRY 20
THE PLOTTING OF GRAPHS WITH LINEAR AXES 24
LOGARITHMS 26
LINEAR, SEMI-LOGARITHMIC AND LOGARITHMIC PLOTS 27
DIFFERENTIATION 30
INTEGRATION 31
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS 32
REFERENCES 40
Chapter 2. 
41 
ANALOGUE COMPUTER ELEMENTS 41
DIGITAL COMPUTERS 51
REFERENCES 58
Chapter 3. 
60 
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 60
UNITS AND DEFINITIONS 61
PRESSURE GAUGES AND REGULATORS 66
WORK 79
POWER 86
ENERGY 87
MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY 90
REFERENCES 93
Chapter 4. Automatic Lung Ventilators and Respirators 95
BODY RESPIRATORS 95
AUTOMATIC LUNG VENTILATORS 97
REFERENCES 126
Chapter 5. Properties of Liquids, Gases and Vapours 129
DENSITY 129
VISCOSITY 129
NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOUS FLOW 130
LAMINAR OR STREAMLINE FLOW 131
TURBULENT FLOW 133
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLOW AND PRESSURE 133
CRITICAL VELOCITY 134
THE CONCEPT OF PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE 136
UNITS OF VISCOSITY 139
THE ANOMALOUS VISCOSITY OF BLOOD 140
THE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH ORIFICES 143
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CALIBRATION OF ROTAMETER GAS FLOW METERS 145
INJECTORS 146
SURFACE TENSION 150
DIFFUSION OF GASES 152
THE SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS 156
SOLUBILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY 161
THE SOLUBILITY OF VOLATILE ANAESTHETICS IN WATER OR BLOOD 162
PARTITION OR DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS 162
THE SOLUBILITY OF VOLATILE ANAESTHETICS IN OIL 163
THE PROPERTIES OF VAPOURS 164
FACTORS AFFECTING THE UPTAKE OF ANAESTHETIC GASES AND VAPOURS 165
THE CONCENTRATION EFFECT 166
THE VARIATION OF SATURATED VAPOUR PRESSURE WITH TEMPERATURE 168
HUMIDITY 169
REFERENCES 173
Chapter 6. 
181 
DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES 181
BOYLE'S LAW 184
CHARLES' LAW 184
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION 186
ISOTHERMALS 187
REFERENCES 197
Chapter 7. 
198 
TEMPERATURE SCALES 198
UNITS OF HEAT 199
SPECIFIC HEAT 200
THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF GASES 201
LATENT HEAT AND CHANGE OF STATE 204
EVAPORATION 205
THE TRANSFER OF HEAT 206
REFERENCES 210
Chapter 8. 
212 
SIMPLE PLENUM VAPORIZERS 213
IMPROVED PLENUM VAPORIZERS 214
VAPORIZERS FOR USE WITH INTERMITTENT FLOWS (DRAW-OVER VAPORIZERS OR INHALERS) 228
THE USE OF VAPORIZERS WITH CIRCLE ANAESTHETIC SYSTEMS 235
VAPORIZERS FOR USE WITHIN CIRCLE SYSTEMS 239
THE EFFECT OF I.P.P.R. ON A VAPORIZER SITUATED OUTSIDE A CIRCLE 241
VAPORIZATION FROM A DRIP FEED OR DIRECT INJECTION OF A VOLATILE ANAESTHETIC 245
THE PERFORMANCE OF ANAESTHETIC VAPORIZERS UNDER HYPERBARIC AND HYPOBARIC CONDITIONS 247
THE CALIBRATION OF ANAESTHETIC VAPORIZERS 248
REFERENCES 253
Chapter 9. Electrical, Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Operating Room 257
SOURCES OF IGNITION 257
PREVENTION OF STATIC CHARGE FORMATION 259
SPARKS FROM ELECTRICAL APPARATUS 261
FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME VOLATILE ANAESTHETIC AGENTS 263
THE MIS-USE OF OXYGEN CYLINDERS AND REGULATORS 267
PATIENT SAFETY WITH ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 268
REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO EQUIPMENT FOR USE IN THE OPERATING ROOM 271
REFERENCES 271
Chapter 10. Physical Optics, Photometry and Spectrophotometry 274
LIGHT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 274
LIGHTING IN THE OPERATING ROOM 277
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS OF INTEREST TO THE ANAESTHETIST 279
REFERENCES 295
Chapter 11. 
297 
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER 297
X-RADIATION 297
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 302
RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 308
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSES 311
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES 311
REFERENCES 313
Index 316