Origin of Arcs (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Origin of Arcs 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 20
List of Contributors 6
Preface 10
PART I: GEOTECTONIC CONCEPTS 22
Chapter 1. Diapiric krikogenesis 24
ABSTRACT 24
OROGENESIS, VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL? 25
PARADIGM FOR A SIMPLE DIAPIRIC OROGEN 27
APPLICATION TO REAL OROGENS 34
GENETIC KINSHIP OF OROGENIC AND OCEAN-SPREADING DIAPIRS 39
RADIAL MOVEMENT OF PRIMARY CONTINENTAL PRISMS 44
GLOBAL TORSIONS 45
BENIOFF ZONE 59
THE BLINKERS OF FAITH 61
REFERENCES 62
Chapter 2. Arcuate crustal structures 64
ABSTRACT 64
GENERAL REMARKS 64
CONTINENTAL OROGENIC ARCS 67
ISLAND ARCS 79
REFERENCES 84
Chapter 3. Regularities in the pattern of major fault zones of the earth and the origin of arcs 86
ABSTRACT 86
1. INTRODUCTION 86
2. SOME MAJOR RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCH IN GEOTECTONICS 87
3. GEOTECTONIC HYPOTHESES AND POSSIBLE EVOLUTION OF CRUSTAL SHEAR PATTERNS 88
4. REGULARITIES IN THE PATTERN OF MAJOR CENOZOIC FAULT ZONES 91
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 99
REFERENCES 99
Chapter 4. Global neotectonics, arcs and geoid configuration 102
ABSTRACT 102
INTRODUCTION 102
PLATE MOTIONS AND GEODYNAMICS ON THE LONG-TERM RANGE 103
SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN SEISMICITY AND PLATE MOTIONS 105
THE EAST/WEST VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT IN SOUTH AMERICA 109
PLIOCENE CHANGES OF THE MAJOR TECTONIC REGIMENT OF THE EUROPEAN PLATE 110
CONCLUSIONS 111
REFERENCES 112
PART II: GEOPHYSICS AND GEOCHEMISTRY 116
Chapter 1. Evidence of a deep-reaching lithospheric root under the Alpine arc 118
ABSTRACT 118
INTRODUCTION 119
GEOPHYSICAL EVIDENCE 119
GEOLOGIC-TECTONIC CONCEPTS 126
MODELING OF THE "LITHOSPHERIC ROOT" 129
CONCLUSIONS 135
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136
REFERENCES 137
Chapter 2. On the dynamics of convergent plate boundaries and stress in the lithosphere 140
ABSTRACT 140
INTRODUCTION 140
DYNAMICS OF SUBDUCTION 141
STRESS FIELD IN THE LITHOSPHERE 148
TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN SUBDUCTION DYNAMICS AND VERTICAL TECTONICS 158
CONCLUSIONS 162
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 162
REFERENCES 162
Chapter 3. Paleomagnetism in arcuate mountain belts 166
ABSTRACT 166
INTRODUCTION 166
LARGE SCALE TECTONIC INTERPRETATIONS 168
DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CURVATURE IN MOUNTAIN BELTS 173
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 181
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 181
REFERENCES 182
Chapter 4. Geochemical and isotopie systematics of Eastern Sunda Arc volcanics: Implications for mantle sources and mantle mixing processes 184
ABSTRACT 184
INTRODUCTION 184
CRITICAL GEOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARC AND NON-ARC MAFIC VOLCANICS 185
REGIONAL SETTING OF EASTERN SUNDA ARC VOLCANOES 188
DISTRIBUTION, GEOCHEMISTRY AND ISOTOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTERN SUNDA VOLCANICS 190
GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC CONSTRAINTS ON EASTERN SUNDA MAGMA SOURCES: IS SUBDUCTED SEDIMENT INVOLVED? 200
GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SUBCONTINENTAL AND SUBOCEANIC MANTLES AND EASTERN SUNDA ARC VOLCANISM 208
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 210
REFERENCES 211
PART III: THE ALPINE-MEDITERRANEAN REGION 216
Chapter 1. Mechanism of formation of fold belts: The Alpine-Carpathian region 218
ABSTRACT 218
INTRODUCTION 218
FORMATION OF DEEP BASINS IN THE TRIASSIC AND JURASSIC 223
COMPRESSION OF THE CRUST AND SUBSIDENCE IN THE LATE JURASSIC–NEOGENE 227
FORMATION OF THE INTRA-CARPATHIAN BASINS IN THE MIOCENE-PLIOCENE 237
MECHANISM OF RAPID SUBSIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL CRUST 243
CONDITIONS FOR AN INTENSE SHORTENING 245
THICKENING OF THE CRUST AFTER THE COMPRESSION AND THE FORCE NECESSARY FOR IT 247
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF MOUNTAIN BUILDING 250
CONCLUSIONS 254
REFERENCES 256
Chapter 2. The western Alpine arc: New data and hypothesis 260
ABSTRACT 260
RESUME 260
A. DATA FROM THE VARI SCAN STRUCTURES 262
B. DATA FROM THE ALPINE MESOZOIC PALEOGEOGRAPHY 264
C. STRUCTURAL DATA 269
D. SUMMARY 275
REFERENCES 276
Chapter 3. Southalpine versus Po Plain Apenninic arcs 280
ABSTRACT 280
THE BURIED PO PLAIN ARCS 281
THE SOUTHALPINE ARCS 292
DISCUSSION 297
CONCLUSION 300
REFERENCES 304
Chapter 4. Betic-Rifian and Tyrrhenian arcs: Distinctive features, genesis and development stages 308
ABSTRACT 308
INTRODUCTION 308
1 THE ARC OF GIBRALTAR 309
2. THE TYRRHENIAN ARC 319
CONCLUSION 328
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 329
REFERENCES 330
Chapter 5. Neotectonics of the Calabrian arc and Apennines (Italy): An example of Plio-Quaternary evolution from island arcs to collisional stages 332
ABSTRACT 332
INTRODUCTION 332
NEOTECTONIC MEDITERRANEAN FRAMEWORK AND THE GENERAL GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES 332
THE PLIOQUATERNARY DEFORMATIONS AND GENERAL GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES 335
EXAMPLES OF EVOLUTION OF THE PLIO-QUATERNARY DEFORMATIONS IN THE APENNINES AND CALABRIAN ARC 342
CONCLUSIONS 348
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 349
REFERENCES 349
Chapter 6. Event stratigraphy, basin evolution and tectonics of the Hellenic and Calabro-Sicilian arcs 354
ABSTRACT 354
INTRODUCTION 354
THE SEQUENCE OF TECTONIC EVENTS 356
BASIN EVOLUTION, FAULT PATTERNS AND TECTONICS 363
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 372
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 374
REFERENCES 374
Chapter 7. Tyrrhenian volcanic arcs: Volcano-tectonics, petrogenesis and economic aspects 378
ABSTRACT 378
INTRODUCTION 378
VOLCANO-TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE TYRRHENIAN AREA DURING THE NEOGENE AND QUATERNARY TIMES 382
VOLCANIC ARCS 386
MINERALOGENETIC ASPECTS 391
REFERENCES 398
PART IV: THE CARIBBEAN 402
Chapter 1. Growth of accretionary prisms: tectonic processes from Caribbean examples 404
ABSTRACT 404
INTRODUCTION 404
LESSER ANTILLES ISLAND ARC GENERAL FRAMEWORK 407
TECTONIC SHORTENING AND SEDIMENT DEFORMATION 412
DEFORMATIONS DUE TO GRAVITY SLIDING 421
MUD DIAPIRISM 425
DISCUSSION 426
REFERENCES 427
Chapter 2. Northern and southern Caribbean festoons (Panama, Colombia- Venezuela and Hispaniola-Puerto Rico), interpreted as pseudosubductions induced by the east—west shortening of the pericaribbean continental frame 430
ABSTRACT 430
INTRODUCTION 431
I.- THE MAIN GEOLOGICAL AND GEODYNAMIC FEATURES OF THE CARIBBEAN PLATE 432
II.- THE PANAMA FESTOON 434
Ill.- THE COLOMBIA - VENEZUELA FESTOON 437
IV.- THE HISPANIOLA - PUERTO RICO FESTOON 442
INTERPRETATION 445
REFERENCES 447
PART V: THE PACIFIC 452
Chapter 1. The origin of the Pacific on an expanding earth 454
ABSTRACT 454
INTRODUCTION 454
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE EARTH 455
THE CENOZOIC EARTH 456
THE PRESENT CONTINENTAL CRUST WOULD COVER COMPLETELY A SMALLER EARTH 457
AT WHAT TIME DID THE FRACTURING TAKE PLACE? 458
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TIME OF ORIGIN 459
CATASTROPHIC ORIGIN: ENDOGENIC OR EXOGENIC? 460
PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT PACIFIC 462
A SPECULATION 463
CONCLUSION 464
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 464
REFERENCES 465
Chapter 2. Facts, ideas and open problems on trench–arc–backarc systems 466
ABSTRACT 466
INTRODUCTION 466
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF T–A–BA SYSTEMS 468
HISTORY OF SOME BASIC IDEAS 470
ARC VOLCANISM 474
BACKARC BASINS 477
ORIGIN OF BACKARC BASINS 478
WHY ARE THE ARCS ARCUATE? 483
CONCLUSION 486
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 486
REFERENCES 486
Chapter 3. Subduction in the Japan trench: The Kaiko results 492
ABSTRACT 492
INTRODUCTION 493
NEW INSIGHTS ABOUT TECTONIC EROSION AT THE FRONT OF THE NORTHERN JAPAN TRENCH LANDWARD SLOPE 493
THE JAPAN-KURIL TRENCHES JUNCTION 502
HOW A SEAMOUNT SUBDUCTS IN THE JAPAN TRENCH? THE CASE OF THE DAIICHI KASHIMA SEAMOUNT 505
CONCLUSION 509
REFERENCES 510
Chapter 4. Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Mariana, Yap and Palau trenches bearing on the tectono-magmatic evolution of the Mariana trench-arc-backarc system 512
ABSTRACT 512
INTRODUCTION 513
GEOLOGICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL OUTLINES 514
GEOCHEMISTRY 519
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TECTONO–MAGMATIC EVOLUTION OF THE MARIANA TRENCHARC– BACKARC SYSTEM 528
REFERENCES 534
Chapter 5. Structural behaviour of a continental volcanic arc: The Mexican volcanic belt 540
ABSTRACT 540
1 INTRODUCTION 540
2 MVB REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 541
3 MORPHOSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 542
4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 546
5 STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS 552
6 GEODYNAMIC SPECULATIONS 554
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 556
7 REFERENCES 557
Chapter 6. The Pacific island arcs: Produced by post–orogenic vertical tectonics? 560
ABSTRACT 560
INTRODUCTION 561
SUMMARY OF PARADIGMATIC AXIOMS OF PLATE TECTONICS 564
THE IMPORTANCE OF VERTICAL TECTONISM OF THE LATE TO POST-OROGENIC STAGE 564
MORPHOTECTONICS OF THE PACIFIC ARC SYSTEMS 567
DISCUSSION 584
A SUMMING UP 592
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 594
REFERENCES CITED 594