Working Models of Human Perception (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Working Models of Human Perception 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Contributors 6
Preface 12
Part I: Overture 16
Chapter 1. Perception and Language 18
1 Introduction 18
2 Historical interlude 21
3 Interactions of perception and language 22
4 The language of perception 24
5 The perception of language 26
6 Conclusion 29
References 31
Part II: Hearing and Speech 34
Chapter 2. Updating Cochlear Driven Models of Auditory Perception: A New Model for Nonlinear Auditory Frequency Analysing Filters 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Cochlear nonlinear frequency analysis 38
3 Auditory nerve data on rate and synchrony suppression 39
4 The BPNL model 46
5 The MBPNL model 52
6 Level-dependent branch switching 56
7 Level-dependent frequency selectivity of the MBPNL filter 61
8 Correlations with psychophysical tuning curves 64
Acknowledgments 70
References 71
Chapter 3. Current Developments in Peripheral Auditory Frequency Analysis 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Current cochlear biophysics 77
3 Auditory nonlinearity: converging approaches 79
4 Conclusion 81
References 81
Chapter 4. Links between Voice Pattern Perception and Production 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Speech models 84
3 Consequences of an auditory pattern model 86
4 Individual strategies 88
5 Normal development 93
6 Speech development in deaf children 100
7 Speech pattern processing by deaf adults 103
8 Speech pathology 106
9 Man-machine interface 106
Acknowledgments 107
References 107
Chapter 5. Some Remarks on Adrian Fourcin's 'Links between Voice Pattern Perception and Production' 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Auditory and vocal tract models 110
3 Assessment of roles 111
4 Simplifying substitute information 112
5 Evidence from cochlear implant performance 115
References 116
Chapter 6. Speech Coding and Human Speech Perception 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Evolution of speech coding methods 119
3 Subjective performance of speech coders 121
4 Perceptual issues in waveform coders 123
5 Perception driven speech coding 126
6 Beyond power spectrum 132
7 New ear models 138
8 Conclusions 141
References 141
Chapter 7. Speech Coding, Speech Synthesis and Voice Quality 144
1 Introduction 144
2 Acoustical correlates of perceived voice quality 145
3 Perceptual integration 151
4 Using models of glottal behaviour 151
5 Conclusion 153
References 153
Chapter 8. Phonetic Invariance and the Adaptive Nature of Speech 156
1 Introduction 156
2 Is phonetic invariance articulatory, acoustic or auditory? 157
3 Systematic nature of phonetic variability: the hyper-hypo dimension 171
4 How do we account for these experimental findings? 177
5 On-line processes in the light of typological evidence on phonetic systems 181
6 Coda: the biology and technology of speech 186
References 186
Chapter 9. Discussion of Björn Lindblom's 'Phonetic Invariance and the Adaptive Nature of Speech' 192
1 Introduction 192
2 Parallels between biology and linguistics 192
3 The lesson of adaptive variability 197
4 Conclusion 199
References 199
Part III: Vision and Reading 202
Chapter 10. Directional Image Coding in the Context of a Visual Model 204
1 Introduction 204
2 Directional decomposition 205
3 Coding strategy 208
4 Edge detection 209
5 Edge position coding 215
6 Edge profile extraction and coding 218
7 Linear prediction 223
8 Reconstruction and post-filtering 230
9 Results 232
10 Conclusions 239
References 240
Chapter 11. Human Visual Perception in Image Coding: A Comment to Murat Kunt 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Basic concepts of image coding 242
3 Threshold coding 244
4 Suprathreshold coding 247
References 248
Chapter 12. Models and Experiments on Directional Selectivity 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Models 250
3 Experiments 256
4 Transient versus sustained channels 263
5 Further reading 263
Acknowledgments 263
References 264
Chapter 13. A Discussion of Models of Motion Perception 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Local models for movement detection 269
3 Global effects 273
Acknowledgments 274
References 275
Chapter 14. Visual Acuity, Lexical Structure, and Eye Movements in Word Recognition 278
1 Why study visual word perception? 278
2 Lexical constraints 279
3 Acuity and word recognition 283
4 Eye movements in word recognition 294
5 Conclusion 305
References 306
Chapter 15. Convenient Viewing and Normal Reading 310
1 Introduction 310
2 Fast and slow processes in normal reading 311
3 Lateral interaction versus resolution 313
4 Word recognition 315
5 The use of letters in word recognition 319
6 Relation to CVP studies 325
7 Information distribution and CVP 325
8 Conclusion 330
References 330
Part IV: Cognition and Communication 334
Chapter 16. The Need for Theories of NOT Reading: Some Psychological Aspects of the Human-Computer Interface 336
1 From the interface to psychology 336
2 Interface requirements for electronic books 337
3 Theories of NOT reading 341
4 HCI as a research domain 350
References 354
Chapter 17. Reading as Goal-Driven Behaviour 358
1 Reading between psychology and ergonomics 358
2 Origins 359
3 Screen versus sheet 367
4 Reading for needs 369
5 Conclusion 376
References 376
Chapter 18. How Good a Bet is the Likelihood Principle? 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Principles 381
3 Inference-based likelihood 385
4 Knowledge-based organization 388
References 395
Chapter 19. Simplicity Is Not Enough 398
1 Introduction 398
2 The principles compared 398
3 Simplicity 402
4 Some further arguments 403
5 Conclusion 405
6 Postscript 405
References 406
Chapter 20. The Chunking of Skill and Knowledge 408
1 Introduction 408
2 SOAR 409
3 Chunking 411
4 Skill acquisition 413
5 Knowledge acquisition 417
6 Conclusions 424
References 425
Chapter 21. A Discussion of 'The Chunking of Skill and Knowledge' by Paul S· Rosenbloom, John E. Laird & Allen Newell
1 Introduction 428
2 Cognitive architecture versus psychological theory 428
3 Implementation issues 430
4 Modularity of functional elements 431
5 Parallelism 432
6 Experimental data and SOAR 432
7 Motivation 433
8 Representation of the external world (and the task space) 434
9 Conclusion from a subjective point of view 434
References 435
Chapter 22. Towards a Dynamic Interpretation Theory of Utterances in Dialogue 436
1 Introduction 436
2 Pragmatic interpretation in information dialogues 440
3 Communicative functions in different situations 446
4 Dynamic semantics 450
5 Dynamic Logic and natural language 454
6 Towards an integrated dynamic interpretation theory 460
7 Conclusion 470
References 471
Chapter 23. Context and Information in Dynamic Semantics 474
1 Introduction 474
2 Context and information 475
3 Anaphora and compositionality 480
4 Context and information in DPL 482
5 Limitations of DPL and how to overcome them 489
6 Hyper-Dynamic Predicate Logic 496
7 Dynamic Montague grammar 498
8 Concluding remarks 501
References 502
Part V: Finale 504
Chapter 24. Working Models of Perception Five General Issues
1 Introduction 506
2 Issue 1: How do models of perception handle convergence in real time? 507
3 Issue 2: How, in models of perception, are structure and function determining of process? 511
4 Issue 3: What is the learnability status of models of perception? 513
5 Issue 4: The management of input 516
6 Issue 5: What is general and what is specific in perceptual architecture? 518
7 Epilogue 519
References 520
Author index 522
Subject index 530