Biology of Radioiodine (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Biology of Radioiodine 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
INTRODUCTION 10
CHAPTER 1. SYMPOSIUM ON THE BIOLOGY OF RADIOIODINE: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 12
REFERENCES 17
CHAPTER 2. WHAT IS A PERMISSIBLE DOSE?* 20
REFERENCE 23
CHAPTER 3. PHYSICAL ORIGIN AND DISPERSION OF RADIOIODINE 24
REFERENCES 32
CHAPTER 4. RADIOIODINE RELEASE INCIDENT AT THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT* 34
INTRODUCTION 34
METHODS 34
DISCUSSION 35
CONCLUSIONS 38
REFERENCES 38
CHAPTER 5. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL NATURE OF FALLOUT I131 AND CARRIER-FREE I131 RELEASED IN AIR—AN ABSTRACT 40
CHAPTER 6. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FORM OF I131 IN FALLOUT* 42
INTRODUCTION 42
METHODS 42
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 44
CONCLUSIONS 50
REFERENCES 50
CHAPTER 7. METEOROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE TRANSPORT OF WEAPON RADIOIODINE 52
INTRODUCTION 52
DRIFT FROM NEVADA TEST SITE 52
SUBSIDING ANTICYCLONE 55
PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING 58
REFERENCES 61
CHAPTER 8. BIOLOGICAL DISPOSITION OF RADIOIODINE—A REVIEW* 62
REFERENCES 67
CHAPTER 9. LOSS OF I131 FROM FALLOUT-CONTAMINATED VEGETATION* 70
INTRODUCTION 70
PROCEDURE AND METHODS 70
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 72
CONCLUSIONS 77
REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER 10. DEPOSITION OF IODINE ONTO PLANT LEAVES FROM AIR* 78
INTRODUCTION 78
THEORETICAL 79
METHODS 82
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 83
CONCLUSIONS 85
REFERENCES 85
CHAPTER 11. FOLIAR SORPTION OF I131 BY PLANTS* 88
INTRODUCTION 88
METHODS AND RESULTS 88
SUMMARY 99
REFERENCES 99
CHAPTER 12. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN I131 CONCENTRATIONS IN VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 100
INTRODUCTION 100
RESULTS 100
DISCUSSION 100
CONCLUSIONS 105
REFERENCES 106
CHAPTER 13. VEGETATION RETENTION AND VEGETATION–MILK RATIOS OF FALLOUT I131* 108
INTRODUCTION 108
METHODS 109
DISCUSSION 110
REFERENCES 112
CHAPTER 14. PATTERNS OF I131 LEVELS IN PASTEURIZED MILK NETWORK 114
REFERENCES 122
CHAPTER 15. COOPERATIVE FIELD STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING I131 LEVELS IN MILK 124
INTRODUCTION 124
FIELD STUDIES 124
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 132
REFERENCES 132
CHAPTER 16. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE THYROID UPTAKE OF IODINE ISOTOPES FROM NUCLEAR FISSION—A REVIEW* 134
RELEASE OF I131 134
RESPIRATORY INTAKE 134
STABLE IODINE INTAKE 136
IODIDE ION METABOLISM RECYCLING SYSTEMS 137
IODIDE LOSS BY SECRETION 139
IODINE LOSS BY EXCRETION 140
DIFFERENCES IN THYROID PHYSIOLOGY 141
MATERNAL, FETAL AND NEWBORN THYROID PHYSIOLOGY 142
UNSUSPECTED POSSIBLE SOURCE OF I131 CONTAMINATION 144
FISSION PRODUCT IODINE OTHER THAN 1-131 144
IMPLICATIONS IN OTHER SCIENCES RELATED TO BIOLOGY 145
REFERENCES 146
CHAPTER 17. UPTAKE OF I131 BY FRESH-WATER ORGANISMS—AN ABSTRACT*! 150
CHAPTER 18. IODINE UPTAKE FROM A SINGLE INHALED EXPOSURE—AN ABSTRACT 152
CHAPTER 19. THYROID UPTAKE OF RADIOIODINE FOLLOWING VARIOUS ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION* 154
INTRODUCTION 154
METHODS 154
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 155
SUMMARY 157
REFERENCE 157
CHAPTER 20. COMPARISON OF INGESTION TO INHALATION DOSE TO MAN FROM I131 158
INTRODUCTION 158
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH I131 AT THE NRTS 158
CONCLUSION 159
APPENDIX 159
REFERENCES 159
CHAPTER 21. METABOLISM OF Te132-I132 IN LAGTATING SHEEP* 160
INTRODUCTION 160
METHODS AND MATERIALS 160
RESULTS 161
DISCUSSION 161
CONCLUSIONS 163
REFERENCES 163
CHAPTER 22. RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN NATIVE ANIMALS AT THE NRTS AND ENVIRONS 164
INTRODUCTION 164
METHODS 164
RESULTS 164
CONCLUSION 165
REFERENCES 167
CHAPTER 23. I131 IN MILK AND THYROID OF DAIRY CATTLE FOLLOWING A SINGLE CONTAMINATION EVENT AND PROLONGED DAILY ADMINISTRATION* 168
INTRODUCTION 168
METHODS 168
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 169
REFERENCES 171
CHAPTER 24. THYROIDAL RADIOIODINE GONGENTRATIONS IN NORTH AMERICAN DEER FOLLOWING 1961–1963 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTS* 172
INTRODUCTION 172
METHODS 172
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 174
REFERENCES 176
CHAPTER 25. QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FALLOUT RADIOIODINE ON NATIVE VEGETATION AND IN THE THYROIDS OF HERBIVORES* 178
INTRODUCTION 178
METHODS 179
RESULTS 179
DISCUSSION 180
REFERENCES 183
CHAPTER 26. RELATION OF MILK SECRETION TO IODINE IN MILK—AN ABSTRACT* 184
CHAPTER 27. THYROIDAL DEPOSITION IN MAN, RAT AND DOG OF RADIOIODINE FROM MILK AND NON-MILK SOURCES*! 186
INTRODUCTION 186
METHOD 186
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 187
REFERENCES 189
CHAPTER 28. DIFFERENTIAL ACCUMULATION OF I131 FROM LOCAL FALLOUT IN PEOPLE AND MILK* 190
INTRODUCTION 190
METHODS 190
RESULTS 191
DISCUSSION 197
CONCLUSIONS 198
REFERENCES 199
CHAPTER 29. RADIOIODINE CONCENTRATION IN FETAL HUMAN THYROID FROM FALLOUT 200
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 200
RESULTS 201
REFERENCES 203
CHAPTER 30. UPTAKE AND TRANSFER OF FALLOUT I131 IN PREGNANT WOMEN* 204
REFERENCES 206
CHAPTER 31. FALLOUT I131 IN CHILDREN—IN VIVO MEASUREMENTS* 208
INTRODUCTION 208
GENERAL DESCRIPTION 208
MODES OF ENTRY 209
EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL DIETARY IODINE 212
DISCUSSION 212
SUMMARY 214
REFERENCES 214
CHAPTER 32. ENVIRONMENTAL I131 IN THYROIDS OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS—RECENT POST MORTEM AND WHOLE BODY COUNTER MEASUREMENTS: AN ABSTRACT* 216
CHAPTER 33. ESTIMATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THYROID DOSES IN A POPULATION EXPOSED TO I131 FROM WEAPONS TESTS* 218
INTRODUCTION 218
THYROID DOSE ESTIMATION VIA ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 219
WEIGHTS OF THYROIDS 221
ESTIMATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF I131 IN MILK 221
VARIABILITY IN THYROID UPTAKE OF I131 223
VARIATION IN MILK CONSUMPTION 224
SELECTION OF CRITICAL AGE GROUP FOR STUDY 224
ESTIMATION OF THE UPPER EXTREME OF EXPOSURE 224
SUMMARY 225
REFERENCES 225
CHAPTER 34. I131 DOSE TO HUMAN THYROIDS IN NEW YORK CITY FROM NUCLEAR TESTS IN 1962* 228
INTRODUCTION 228
METHODS AND RESULTS 229
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 234
REFERENCES 235
CHAPTER 35. WEIGHTS OF HUMAN THYROIDS IN NEW YORK CITY* 236
INTRODUCTION 236
MATERIAL AND METHODS 236
RESULTS 236
SUMMARY 238
REFERENCES 238
CHAPTER 36. VARIABILITY OF THE I131 CONCENTRATIONS IN THE MILK DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF LARGE CITY* 240
INTRODUCTION 240
METHODS 241
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 241
CONCLUSIONS 242
REFERENCE 242
CHAPTER 37. HUMAN THYROID UPTAKE AND BODILY ELIMINATION OF I131 FOR THE CASE OF SINGLE AND CONTINUAL INGESTION OF BOUND IODINE IN RESIN-TREATED MILK 244
INTRODUCTION 244
METHODS 245
RESULTS 251
DISCUSSION 259
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 261
REFERENCES 262
CHAPTER 38. THYROID METABOLISM IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS USING VERY SMALL (NANOGURIE) DOSES OF IODINE125 AND IODINE131* 264
INTRODUCTION 264
METHODS 264
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 269
SUMMARY 272
REFERENCES 272
CHAPTER 39. COMPARATIVE EARLY AND LATE EFFECTS OF SINGLE AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO RADIOIODINE IN YOUNG AND ADULTS OF VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES—A REVIEW 274
INTRODUCTION 274
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS 274
REPRODUCTION 275
OFFSPRING 275
LONG-TERM EFFECTS 275
IN VIVO INDICATORS OF THYROID FUNCTION 276
BLOOD CONSTITUENTS 276
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND 277
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIATION DOSE AND THYROID DAMAGE 278
DETECTION OF THYROID DAMAGE 279
SUMMARY 279
REFERENCES 280
CHAPTER 40. RADIOPATHOLOGY AND DOSIMETRY IN THE THYROID REGION OF GOITROUS KILLIFISH FED I131 UNDER EURYHALINE CONDITIONS—AN ABSTRACT* 282
REFERENCES 282
CHAPTER 41. EFFECT OF I181 ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN EWES* 284
INTRODUCTION 284
METHODS 285
RESULTS 285
DISCUSSION 289
REFERENCES 289
CHAPTER 42. PROBLEMS OF ESTIMATING THE HAZARD OF RADIOIODINE FOLLOWING A NUCLEAR ATTACK 292
INTRODUCTION 292
ASSUMPTIONS! 293
LEVELS OF I131 IN MILK AND SUBSEQUENTLY INGESTED BY HUMANS 295
RESULTS 296
DISCUSSION 297
CONCLUSIONS 298
REFERENCES 299
CHAPTER 43. EFFECTS INCLUDING CARCINOGENESIS OF I131 AND X-RAYS ON THE THYROID OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS: A REVIEW 300
INTRODUCTION 300
EFFECTS OF I131 ON THYROID FUNCTION 301
COMPARISON OF I131 WITH X-RAYS 302
CARCINOGENIC ACTION OF I131 302
CARCIOGENIG ACTION OF X-RAYS 303
COMPARISON OF CARCINOGENIC DOSAGE OF I131 WITH X-RADIATION 303
DISCUSSION 304
REFERENCES 304
CHAPTER 44. COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF I131 AND X-IRRADIATION ON SHEEP THYROIDS* 306
INTRODUCTION 306
MATERIALS AND METHODS 306
RESULTS 307
DISCUSSION 309
REFERENCES 316
CHAPTER 45. INDUCTION OF NEOPLASMS IN THYROID GLANDS OF RATS BY SUBTOTAL THYROIDEGTOMY AND BY INJECTION OF ONE MICROCURIE OF I131: AN ABSTRACT*! 318
METHODS 318
RESULTS 318
COMMENTS 319
REFERENCES 319
CHAPTER 46. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF I131 COMPARED WITH X-IRRADIATION—A REVIEW* 320
INTRODUCTION 320
STUDIES ON THE ASSOCIATION OF IRRADIATION AND THYROID CANCER IN HUMAN BEINGS 320
SUMMARY OF PART I 329
COMPARISON OF X- AND .- VS. s-RADIATION IN PRODUCING 
329 
SUMMARY OF PART II 331
CONCLUSIONS 331
REFERENCES 332
CHAPTER 47. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIATION DOSE DELIVERED TO THE THYROIDS OF CHILDREN AND THE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS 334
INTRODUCTION 334
CONCLUSIONS 338
REFERENCES 338
CHAPTER 48. PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES FOR RADIOIODINE CONTAMINATION—A REVIEW 340
REFERENCES 346
CHAPTER 49. EFFECT OF I127 ON THYROID UPTAKE OF INHALED I131* 348
INTRODUCTION 348
METHODS 348
RESULTS 353
DISCUSSION 359
CONCLUSIONS 360
REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 50. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ELIMINATION OF RADIOIODINE FROM THE BODY 362
INTRODUCTION 362
METHOD 362
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 363
REFERENCE 369
CHAPTER 51. EFFECT OF VARYING STABLE IODINE IN DIETS OF COWS FED I131 ON UPTAKE OF I131 IN MAN DRINKING THE MILK—AN ABSTRACT* 370
CHAPTER 52. CONCLUSION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 372
CHAPTER 53. SPECIAL EDITORIAL: BIOMEDIGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ACCIDENTAL RELEASES OF RADIOIODINE 374
REFERENCES 377