Synopsis of Physiology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
A Synopsis of Physiology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION 6
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 8
CHAPTER 1. CHEMISTRY 12
Proteins 12
Important Non-Protein Nitrogenous Compounds 17
Carbohydrates 20
Fats and Lipins 23
Reaction of Solutions : H-ion Concentration 28
Buffers 29
Isotopes 29
CHAPTER 2. BLOOD, LYMPH, AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 31
BLOOD 31
THE LYMPH 56
THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 59
CHAPTER 3. THE HEART 61
Structure 61
Conduction 61
Events of Cardiac Cycle 62
Apex-beat 63
Heart-sounds 63
Methods of Study of Human Heart 63
Pulse-tracings 64
Endocardiac Pressure 65
Electrocardiography 65
Properties of Cardiac Muscle 67
Control of the Heart 67
Nerves of the Heart 68
Output of Heart 69
Work of Heart 70
Coronary Circulation 70
Pulse-frequency 71
CHAPTER 4. THE CIRCULATION 72
Structure of Vessels 72
Blood-pressure in Man 72
Blood Velocity 75
Vasomotor System 76
Capillary Circulation 78
Venous Circulation 79
Pulmonary Circulation 79
Intracranial Circulation 79
Triple Response 80
CHAPTER 5. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 81
Histology 81
Respiratory Movements 81
Volume of Respired Air 82
Intrapulmonary Pressure 83
Respiratory Efficiency Tests 83
Intrapleural Pressure 84
Composition of Inspired and Expired Air 85
Determination of Composition of Alveolar Air 86
Gases of the Blood: Estimation of Amount 86
Gaseous Exchange in the Lungs 87
Theory of Pulmonary Secretion 88
Exchange of Gases in the Tissues 88
Condition of the Gases in the Blood 91
Regulation of Respiratory Movements 94
Cause of Respiration at Birth 97
Asphyxia 97
Apnœa 98
Anoxia 99
Effects of Changes in Barometric Pressure 99
CHAPTER 6. VOICE 101
Structure of the Vocal Cords 101
Laryngoscope 101
Voice Production 101
Nerve-supply of Larynx 101
Speech 101
CHAPTER 7. MOVEMENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL MASTICATION 103
DEGLUTITION, OR SWALLOWING 103
THE STOMACH 105
THE SMALL INTESTINE 108
THE LARGE INTESTINE 111
CHAPTER 8. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ENZYMES 113
SALIVARY GLANDS 113
THE STOMACH AND ITS SECRETION 116
PANCREATIC DIGESTION 123
SUCCUS ENTERICUS 125
ABSORPTION 126
BACTERIAL DIGESTION 128
CHAPTER 9. THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS 129
THE THYROID GLAND 130
THE PARATHYROIDS 133
THE ADRENAL GLANDS 135
THE PITUITARY GLAND 140
CHAPTER 10. THE SPLEEN 144
Histology 144
Accessory Spleens or Haemolymph Glands 144
Chemistry 144
Effects of Removal of Spleen or Ligature of Splenic Vein 144
Disease in Man 145
Functions of the Spleen 145
Vascular Arrangements of Spleen 146
CHAPTER 11. THE KIDNEY AND EXCRETION OF URINE 147
THE KIDNEY AND ITS FUNCTIONS 147
MICTURITION 153
THE URINE 157
CHAPTER 12. METABOLISM 170
METABOLISM OF PROTEINS 172
PURINE METABOLISM 176
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES 177
METABOLISM OF FAT 185
INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF FOODSTUFFS 187
CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM 188
CHAPTER 13. DIET AND GROWTH 189
DIET 189
GROWTH 200
STARVATION 201
CHAPTER 14. THE LIVER 204
Histology of Liver 204
Contents of Liver Cells 204
Hepatic Circulation 204
Functions of Liver 205
The Bile and Bile-passages 205
Hepatectomy 208
CHAPTER 15. BONE 210
Chemistry 210
Histology 210
Blood-supply 210
Nerve-supply 211
Bone - marrow 211
Periosteum 211
Development of Bone 211
Growth of Bone 212
Calcification of Bone 213
CHAPTER 16. SKIN. BODY TEMPERATURE 215
SKIN 215
CHAPTER 17. MUSCLE 221
Structure of Muscle 221
Chemistry of Muscle 222
Factors affecting Skeletal Muscular Contraction 227
Fatigue 228
Action of Drugs on Muscular Contraction 229
Rigor Mortis 229
Physiology of Muscular Exercise 230
Characteristics of Involuntary Muscle 232
CHAPTER 18. NERVE 233
Structure of a Nerve Trunk 233
Histology of a Nerve-fibre 233
Function of Myelin Sheath 233
Chemistry of Nervous Tissue 234
Functions of Nerve-fibres 234
Methods of Artificial Stimulation of Nerve 234
Electrical Phenomena in Nerves 234
Normal Reaction to Electrical Stimulation in Man 235
Reaction of Degeneration 235
Results of Section of a Mixed Nerve 235
Trophic Lesions 236
The Neurone 236
Histological Results of Nerve Section 237
Regeneration of Nerve 238
Stains for Normal and Degenerated Nerve Tissue 239
Nature of Nerve Impulse 240
Heat Production and Metabolism of Nerve-fibre 241
Müller's Law 241
Direction of Conduction of Nerve Impulse 241
Fatigue of Nerve 242
Conditions affecting Passage of a Nervous Impulse 242
'All or Nothing ' Conduction 242
CHAPTER 19. THE SPINAL CORD 243
STRUCTURE OF CORD AND CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSES 243
ORGANIZATION OF MAMMALIAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (C.N.S.) 252
REFLEX ACTION 254
POSTURE 265
CHAPTER 20. THE BRAIN 269
THE BRAIN-STEM 269
THE CEREBRUM 277
THE CEREBELLUM 284
CONDITIONED REFLEXES (RESPONSES) 286
SPEECH 287
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP 288
CHAPTER 21. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 290
Anatomy 290
Methods of Studying Sympathetic System 292
Cervical Sympathetic 292
Sympathetic to the Limbs 293
Respiratory System 294
Gastro-intestinal Tract 294
Pelvic Sympathetic 294
Sacral Parasympathetic 294
Vasomotor Nerves 294
Sudomotor and Pilomotor Activity 295
Mode of Action of Autonomic System 295
CHAPTER 22. SMELL AND TASTE 297
SMELL 297
TASTE 299
CHAPTER 23. HEARING 301
EXTERNAL EAR 301
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE 301
MIDDLE EAR OR TYMPANUM 301
INTERNAL EAR 304
CHAPTER 24. SIGHT 310
Movements of the Eye 310
Binocular Vision 310
Results of 3rd-Nerve Paralysis 310
Result of 6th-Nerve Paralysis 310
Law of Squint 310
Structure of Eyeball 310
Sclera 311
Cornea 311
Choroid 311
Ciliary Body 311
Iris 311
Aqueous Humour 313
Vitreous Humour 314
Intra-ocular Pressure 314
Refracting Media of the Eye 314
Formation of an Image by the Eye 314
Accommodation 315
Defects of Accommodation 316
Spherical Aberration 317
Chromatic Aberration 317
Astigmatism 317
Binocular Vision 317
Stereoscopic Vision 318
Retina 318
Colour Vision 323
Central Connexions of Vision 328
CHAPTER 25. CUTANEOUS, MUSCULAR, AND VISCERAL SENSATION 331
Varieties of Sensory End-organs 331
Other Sensory End-organs 331
Characteristics of Afferent End-organs 332
Varieties of Cutaneous Sensation 332
Anatomy of Cutaneous Sensibility 332
Distribution of Cutaneous Sensation 333
Conduction of Sensations 334
Loss of Function in a Cutaneous Nerve 334
Order in which Functions of a Cutaneous Nerve Return 334
Pain Sense 334
Muscle and Joint Sense, or Sense of Position 334
Sensation of Hunger 335
Sensation of Thirst 335
Sensation in the Alimentary Tract 335
Referred Pain 336
CHAPTER 26. REPRODUCTION 337
MALE GENITAL ORGANS 338
REPRODUCTION IN FEMALE 342
LACTATION 347
INDEX 350