Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites (eBook)

Cover 
1 
Advances in ceramic matrix composites 
4 
Copyright 
5 
Contents 6
Contributor contact details 16
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering 22
Advances in ceramic matrix composites: an introduction 26
1.1 The importance of ceramic matrix composites 26
1.2 Novel material systems 27
1.3 Emerging processing techniques 28
1.4 References 30
Types and processing 32
2 Processing, properties and applications of ceramic matrix composites, SiCf/SiC: an overview 
34 
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Novel interphase materials and new fabrication methods for traditional interphase materials 36
2.3 Novel matrix manufacturing processes 40
2.4 Nanoreinforcement 41
2.5 Dielectric properties and microwave-absorbing applications 44
2.6 Conclusion and future trends 46
2.7 References 47
3 Nanoceramic matrix composites: types, processing and applications 
52 
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Nanostructured composite materials 53
3.3 Bulk ceramic nanocomposites 55
3.4 Nanoceramic composite coatings 62
3.5 Conclusion 65
3.6 References 65
4 Silicon carbidecontaining alumina nanocomposites: processing and properties 
68 
4.1 Introduction: current and new manufacturing methods 68
4.2 Silicon carbide-containing alumina nanocomposites prepared by the hybrid technique 72
4.3 Optimising process parameters 74
4.4 Mechanical properties and wear resistance 93
4.5 Conclusion 98
4.6 Acknowledgements 99
4.7 References 100
5 Advances in the manufacture of ceramic matrix composites using infiltration techniques 
104 
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Classification of infiltration techniques 
105 
5.3 Reinforcing fibers 
106 
5.4 Interphases 108
5.5 Polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) 
110 
5.6 Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) 
113 
5.7 Reactive melt infiltration (RMI) 
116 
5.8 Slurry infiltration 
123 
5.9 Solgel infiltration 
125 
5.10 Combined infiltration methods 
127 
5.11 Future trends 129
5.12 References 130
6 Manufacture of graded ceramic matrix composites using infiltration techniques 
134 
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Processing and characterisation techniques 135
6.3 Microstructure and physical, thermal and mechanical properties 142
6.4 Conclusion 161
6.5 Future trends 163
6.6 Acknowledgments 164
6.7 References 164
7 Heat treatment for strengthening silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites 
166 
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 SiC/TiB2 particulate composites 
167 
7.3 Sintering SiC/TiB2 composites 
170 
7.4 Fracture toughness 171
7.5 Fracture strength 180
7.6 Conclusion 186
7.7 References 186
Developments in hot pressing (HP) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of ceramic matrix composites 189
8.1 Introduction 189
8.2 Direct hot pressing 191
8.3 Hot isostatic pressing 202
8.4 Future trends 211
8.5 Conclusion 212
8.6 Acknowledgements 213
8.7 References 213
9 Hot pressing of tungsten carbide ceramic matrix composites 
215 
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Powder characterization 217
9.3 Thermal analysis and phase transformation during hot pressing of WC/Al2O3 composites 
220 
9.4 Effects of Al 222
9.4 Effects of Al2 O3 content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC/Al2O3 composites 
222 
9.5 Hot pressing of WC/40 vol% Al2O3 composites 
229 
9.6 Future trends 239
9.7 Conclusion 240
9.8 References 241
10 Strengthening alumina ceramic matrix nanocomposites using spark plasma sintering 
243 
10.1 Introduction 243
10.2 Synthesis of Al 244
10.2 Synthesis of Al2O3–Cr2O3/Cr3C2 nanocomposites:chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) 
244 
10.3 Analyzing the mechanical properties of ceramic nanocomposites 245
10.4 Processing and characterization of Al2O3-Cr2O3/Cr carbide nanocomposites 
247 
10.5 Properties of Al2O3-Cr2O3/Cr carbide nanocomposites 
249 
10.6 Conclusions 257
10.7 Acknowledgments 257
10.8 References 257
11 Cold ceramics: low-temperature processing of ceramics for applications in composites 
260 
11.1 Introduction 260
11.2 Understanding the heterogeneous structure of ceramic raw materials 261
11.3 Ceramic products with low energy content: dense aluminous cements 268
11.4 Ceramic products with low energy content: textured materials 274
11.5 Ceramic products with low energy content: porous materials 277
11.6 Ceramic products with low energy content: composite materials 279
11.7 Conclusion 284
11.8 Acknowledgments 284
11.9 References 285
11.10 Appendix: basic concepts in rheology 288
Part II Properties 
290 
12 Understanding interfaces and mechanical properties of ceramic matrix composites 
292 
12.1 Introduction 292
12.2 Interfaces in CMCs 294
12.3 Toughening and strengthening mechanisms in CMCs 299
12.4 Engineering design of interfaces for high strength and toughness 305
12.5 Conclusion 308
12.6 Acknowledgments 309
12.7 References 309
13 Using finite element analysis (FEA) to understand the mechanical properties of ceramic matrix composites 
311 
13.1 Introduction 311
13.2 The use of fi nite element analysis (FEA) to study ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) 
317 
13.3 Conclusion 333
13.4 References 333
14 Understanding the wear and tribological properties of ceramic matrix composites 
337 
14.1 Introduction 337
14.2 Friction 338
14.3 Lubrication 339
14.4 Wear 341
14.5 Friction and wear of ceramics 345
14.6 Tribological properties of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) 349
14.7 Future trends 361
14.8 Sources of further information and advice 362
14.9 References 362
15 Understanding and improving the thermal stability of layered ternary carbides in ceramic matrix composites 
365 
15.1 Introduction 365
15.2 High-temperature stability of Ti3SiC2 
366 
15.3 High-temperature stability of Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC 
367 
15.4 Testing the thermal stability of layered ternary carbides 369
15.5 Hightemperature stability of particular layered ternary carbides 372
15.6 Conclusion 390
15.7 Future trends 391
15.8 Acknowledgments 391
15.9 References 392
16 Advances in selfhealing ceramic matrix composites 
394 
16.1 Introduction 394
16.2 Understanding oxidation behaviour 395
16.3 Understanding selfhealing 398
16.4 Issues in processing selfhealing ceramic matrix composites 399
16.5 The design of the interphase and matrix architectures 400
16.6 Assessing the properties of self-healing ceramic matrix composites 405
16.7 Testing the oxidation of self-healing matrix composites 411
16.8 Self-healing silicate coatings 413
16.9 Modelling self-healing 414
16.10 Applications 417
16.11 Trends in the development of self-healing composite materials 419
16.12 Conclusion 422
16.13 References 423
17 Self-crack-healing behavior in ceramic matrix composites 
435 
17.1 Introduction 435
17.2 Material design for self-crack-healing 439
17.3 Influence of oxygen partial pressure on self-crack-healing 448
17.4 Influence of oxygen partial pressure on self-crack-healing under stress 456
17.5 Conclusion 462
17.6 References 464
Part III Applications 
468 
Geopolymer (aluminosilicate) composites: synthesis, properties and applications 470
18.1 Introduction 470
18.2 Geopolymer matrix composite materials 471
18.3 Processing geopolymer composites 475
18.4 Properties of geopolymers and geopolymer composites 477
18.5 Applications 488
18.6 Future trends 489
18.7 References 491
19 Fibrereinforced geopolymer composites (FRGCs) for structural applications 
496 
19.1 Introduction 496
19.2 Source materials used for geopolymers 497
19.3 Alkaline solutions used for geopolymers 498
19.4 Manufacturing FRGCs 498
19.5 Mechanical properties of FRGCs 499
19.6 Durability of FRGCs 511
19.7 Future trends 517
19.8 Conclusion 518
19.9 References 519
20 Ceramic matrix composites in fission and fusion energy applications 
521 
20.1 Introduction 521
20.2 Effect of radiation on ceramic matrix composites 522
20.3 Small specimen test technology and constitutive modelling 527
20.4 Fusion energy applications 529
20.5 Fission energy applications 536
20.6 Conclusion and future trends 543
20.7 Sources of further information and advice 543
20.8 References 544
21 Ceramic matrix composite thermal barrier coatings for turbine parts 
549 
21.1 Introduction 549
21.2 Selecting materials for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) 550
21.3 Materials for TBCs 550
21.4 Conclusion 557
21.5 Future trends 557
21.6 References 558
22 The use of ceramic matrix composites for metal cutting applications 
562 
22.1 Introduction 562
22.2 Classification of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) for metal cutting applications 
563 
22.3 Strengthening and toughening of ceramic tool materials 574
22.4 Design and fabrication of graded ceramic tools 581
22.5 Application of ceramic inserts in the machining of hard-to-cut materials 583
22.6 Future trends 591
22.7 Acknowledgements 592
22.8 References 592
23 Cubic boron nitride-containing ceramic matrix composites for cutting tools 595
23.1 Introduction 595
23.2 Densification and relative density 597
23.3 Microstructures 599
23.4 Mechanical properties 602
23.5 Phase transformation of cBN to hBN 604
23.6 Conclusion and future trends 607
23.7 References 608
24 Multilayer glass–ceramic composites for microelectronics: processing and properties 
612 
24.1 Introduction 612
24.2 Testing multilayer glass–ceramic composites 614
24.3 Key challenges in preparing multilayer glass–ceramic composites 616
24.4 Evaluation of fabricated glass–ceramic substrates 621
24.5 Conclusion 630
24.6 Acknowledgments 631
24.7 References 631
25 Fabricating functionally graded ceramic microcomponents using soft lithography 
636 
25.1 Introduction 636
25.2 Fabricating multilayered alumina/zirconia FGMs 638
25.3 Properties of multilayered alumina/zirconia FGMs 642
25.4 Conclusion 647
25.5 References 647
26 Ceramics in restorative dentistry 
649 
26.1 Introduction 649
26.2 Development of ceramics for restorative dentistry 650
26.3 Dental bioceramics 652
26.4 Dental CAD/CAM systems 660
26.5 Clinical adjustments 666
26.6 Surface integrity and reliability of ceramic restorations 670
26.7 Conclusion 675
26.8 Acknowledgements 676
26.9 References 676
27 Resin-based ceramic matrix composite materials in dentistry 
681 
27.1 Introduction 681
27.2 The development of dental composites 681
27.3 Composition of dental composites 685
27.4 Classification of dental composites 
688 
27.5 Limitations of dental composites 688
27.6 The development of nanocomposites 690
27.7 Indirect dental composites 691
27.8 Resin-based composite cements 691
27.9 Environmental factors influencing dental composites 
692 
27.10 Future trends 696
27.11 References 696
28 The use of nano-boron nitride reinforcements in composites for packaging applications 
703 
28.1 Introduction 703
28.2 Preparation and characterization of chitosan/ boron nitride (BN) nano-biocomposites 705
28.3 Properties of chitosan/BN nano-biocomposites 706
28.4 Conclusion 713
28.5 References 713
Index 716