Front Cover 1
Visual and Oculomotor Functions: Advances in Eye Movement Research 3
Copyright Page 4
Table of Contents 9
INTRODUCTION 5
CONTRIBUTORS 15
PART I: SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS 21
CHAPTER 1. FOR AND AGAINST SPATIAL CODING OF SACCADES 23
From the double-step experiment to models of spatial mapping or updating 23
Neural signals related to spatial coding 26
Spatial coding of saccades 27
Where does the hypothetic eye position signal arise? 28
Spatial coding of saccades 29
How reliable is the internal eye position signal? 29
Spatial coding of saccades 31
Where is the eye position signal combined with the input of retinal origin? 32
Conclusions 33
Spatial coding of saccades 35
Acknowledgements 35
References 35
CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENCES IN EYE MOVEMENT RELATED POTENTIALS WITH VISUALLY TRIGGERED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SACCADES 39
Introduction 39
Saccadic evoked potentials 41
Method 41
Results 42
Discussion 47
References 48
Saccadic evoked potentials 49
CHAPTER 3. SACCADES TOWARD EXTERNALLY OR INTERNALLY ACQUIRED MEMORIZED LOCATIONS 51
Introduction 51
Methods 52
Results 54
External or internal location acquisition 57
Discussion 59
Acknowledgements 62
References 62
External or internal location acquisition 63
CHAPTER 4. MASKING EFFECTS IN SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS 65
Introduction 65
Possible sources of saccadic omission 65
Masking during saccades 67
Masking during saccades 69
Experimental work 71
Masking during saccades 73
References 73
CHAPTER 5. SACCADIC LATENCY UNDER NUMERICAL, SPATIAL AND VERBAL TASKS 75
Introduction 75
Method 76
Results and Discussion 77
Acknowledgements 78
References 78
Appendix List of questions 79
CHAPTER 6. A METHOD FOR THE CLINICAL USE OF SECONDARY SACCADE LATENCY 81
Introduction 81
Materials and methods 82
Results 83
L2 in the evaluation of single patient 85
Conclusion 87
References 88
CHAPTER 7. STIMULUS UNCERTAINTY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF HUMAN EXPRESS SACCADES 89
Introduction 89
Method 90
Results 92
Model 95
Discussion 99
Acknowledgements 100
References 100
CHAPTER 8. REACTION TIM. AND VELOCITY OF SMALL SACCADES IN MAN 101
Introduction 101
Methods 102
Results 102
Discussion 106
References 107
CHAPTER 9. THE EFFECT OF FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LESIONS ON SACCADIC REACTION TIME 109
Introduction 109
Method 110
Results 112
Discussion 116
References 117
PART II: SMOOTH PURSUIT AND MOTION PERCEPTION 119
CHAPTER 10. SMOOTH PURSUIT IN STRABISMIC CHILDREN 121
Introduction 121
Methods 122
Results 123
Discussion 125
References 127
CHAPTER 11. SMOOTH PURSUIT OVER A STRUCTURED BACKGROUND: THE EFFECTS OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES IN TARGET AND BACKGROUND 129
Introduction 129
Methods 130
Experiment 1: The breakdown of active pursuit using tachistoscopic illumination 131
Experiment 2: Effect of background frequency 133
Experiment 3: Effect of background phase 136
Experiment 4: Effect of background position 138
General Discussion 139
References 140
CHAPTER 12. QUANTIFYING PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY DURING TRACKING EYE MOVEMENTS AND NONCOLLINEAR MOTION OF A BACKGROUND TARGET 143
Introduction 143
Perceptual constancy during ocular pursuit: Collinear case 144
Perceptual constancy during ocular pursuit: Noncollinear case 146
Acknowledgements 150
References 150
CHAPTER 13. SMOOTH PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENTS DURING AND AFTER ACUTE EXPOSURE TO HYPOBARIC HYPOXIA 153
Introduction 153
Methods 154
Results 156
Discussion 161
Acknowledgements 162
References 163
CHAPTER 14. A CONTROL SYSTEM OF VOLUNTARY EYE MOVEMENT IN TRACKING A VISUAL TARGET 165
Introduction 165
A model of the control system 166
Results and Discussion 170
References 175
CHAPTER 15. SHORT DELAYS OF VERGENCE EYE MOVEMENTS IN MAN DURING PURSUIT TASKS IN LIGHT AND DARK CONDITIONS 177
Introduction 177
Methods 178
Results 180
Discussion 184
Acknowledgements 187
References 187
CHAPTER 16. BINOCULAR EYE MOVEMENTS WHILE SHOWING A MOVING STIMULUS TO ONE EYE ONLY 189
Introduction 189
Experimental equipment 190
Evaluation of eye movement detection accuracy 191
Measurement of binocular eye movement while watching at field-sequential stereoscopic images 192
Experimental conditions 192
Results 194
Discussion 196
Conclusion 202
Acknowledgements 202
References 202
PART Ill: EYE MOVEMENTS IN PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SETTINGS 205
CHAPTER 17. PREDICTIVE VELOCITY ESTIMATION IN THE PURSUIT REFLEX OF PATIENTS WITH CEREBELLAR ATAXIA AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE 207
Introduction 207
Methods 208
Results 211
Discussion 215
References 216
CHAPTER 18. GAIN AND PEAK VELOCITY OF SACCADES IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND PARKINSONISM: A COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIMENT AND COMPUTER SIMULATION 219
Introduction 219
Methods 221
Results 224
Discussion and conclusions 229
References 231
CHAPTER 19. CHARACTERISTICS OF REMEMBERED SACCADES IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE 233
Introduction 233
Method 235
Results 238
Inverse reconstruction 239
Discussion 241
Acknowledgements 242
References 243
CHAPTER 20. SACCADES AND 6-METHYLPREDNISOLONE TREATMENT IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 245
Introduction 245
Material and methods 246
Results 248
Discussion 250
References 251
CHAPTER 21. SACCADIC DOWNPULSION IN A PATIENT WITH CEREBELLAR DISEASE 253
Introduction 253
Case report 253
Oculomotor Findings 254
Discussion 256
References 260
CHAPTER 22. ABNORMAL SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS AS PART OF A SPATIAL MANAGEMENT DISORDER 263
Introduction 263
Method 265
Results 267
Discussion 270
Conclusion 272
Acknowledgements 272
References 272
PART IV: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF EYE MOVEMENTS 275
CHAPTER 23. NEURAL NETWORKS AND DYNAMIC FEEDBACK IN THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS 277
Introduction 277
Gaze control model 278
Simulation examples 282
Discussion 286
Acknowledgements 288
References 288
CHAPTER 24. DISCHARGE BEHAVIOR OF OMNIPAUSE NEURONS IN THE CAT 291
Introduction 291
Methods 292
Results 293
Discussion 300
References 302
CHAPTER 25. THE ROLE OF OMNIPAUSE NEURONS DURING GAZE SHIFTS 305
Introduction 305
Method 306
Results 307
Discussion 311
Acknowledgements 313
References 313
CHAPTER 26. EFFECT OF KETAMINE ON THE OCULOMOTOR NEURAL INTEGRATOR AND ON THE VELOCITY STORAGE ELEMENT 315
Introduction 315
Theory of oculomotor control 316
Methods 320
Results 321
Discussion 328
Conclusion 330
Acknowledgements 330
References 330
CHAPTER 27. SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERN OF EYE MOVEMENTS INDUCED BY KETAMINE IN THE RAT 335
Introduction 335
Method 336
Results 337
Discussion 340
Acknowledgements 342
References 342
CHAPTER 28. EFFECTS OF PERINATAL HYPOXIA ON THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS IN RABBITS 345
Introduction 345
Material and methods 346
Results 348
Discussion 352
References 355
CHAPTER 29. OTOLITHIC CONTROL OF ANTICOMPENSATORY FAST PHASES (AFPs) IN CATS 357
Introduction 357
Methods 358
Results 360
Discussion 366
Acknowledgements 369
References 370
CHAPTER 30. INFLUENCE OF VESTIBULAR AND OPTOKINETIC STIMULATION ON EYE FIXATION IN THE MACAQUE MONKEY 371
Introduction 371
Methods 372
Results 373
Discussion 378
Acknowledgements 379
References 380
PART V: VOR/OKN 381
CHAPTER 31. INFLUENCE OF NMDA RECEPTORS IN THE OPTOKINETIC AFTERNYSTAGMUS (OKAN) 383
Introduction 383
Method 385
Results 386
Discussion 389
Acknowledgements 392
References 392
CHAPTER 32. EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL VISUAL DEPRIVATION IN ADULT FROG ON MONOCULAR OKN DIRECTIONAL ASYMMETRY 395
Introduction 395
Method 396
Results 399
Discussion 401
References 403
CHAPTER 33. EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL MICROINJECTIONS OF GABAA ANTAGONIST INTO THE CHICKEN MESENCEPHALIC STRUCTURES RESPONSIBLE FOR OKN 407
Introduction 407
Material and methods 409
Results 411
Discussion 414
Acknowledgements 416
References 416
CHAPTER 34. THE EFFECT OF HEAD REORIENTATION ON THE DIRECTION OF POSTROTATORY NYSTAGMUS IN HUMANS 419
Introduction 419
Methods 420
Results 421
Discussion 424
Acknowledgements 425
References 425
PART VI: METHODS 427
CHAPTER 35. THE MEASUREMENT OF SMALL EYE MOVEMENTS USING AN INFRA-RED LIMBUS REFLECTION TECHNIQUE 429
Introduction 429
Evaluation of the system 433
Experiment 436
Acknowledgements 440
References 440
CHAPTER 36. HEAD AND EYE COORDINATION ANALYSIS AND A NEW GAZE ANALYZER DEVELOPED FOR THIS PURPOSE 443
Introduction 443
Experimental setup 444
Method 445
Results and Discussion 446
General discussion 451
Acknowledgements 453
References 453
AUTHOR INDEX 455
SUBJECT INDEX 471