Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation Medicine (eBook)

John A. Downey, Erwin G. Gonzalez, Stanley J. Myers (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2013 | 2. Auflage
782 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-9399-1 (ISBN)

The Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation Medicine: Second Edition presents a comprehensive examination of the management of patients with functional impairments due to disease or trauma. It discusses the distinction between disabilities and impairments per se. It addresses the method in which the human body adapts and compensates for the stress produced by physical injuries. Some of the topics covered in the book are the physiology of cerebellum and basal ganglia; description of upper and lower motor neurons; anatomy of the vascular supply to the brain; characteristics of the autonomic nervous system; structure, chemistry, and function of skeletal muscle; the receptors in muscle; and cardiopulmonary physiology. The role of muscle spindles in perception of limb position and movement is fully covered. An in-depth account of the physiology of synovial joints and articular cartilage are provided. The cellular and glandular components of the skin are completely presented. A chapter is devoted to the factors involve in wound healing. Another section focuses on the nerve conduction and neuromuscular transmission. The book can provide useful information to doctors, dermatologists, students, and researchers.

Front Cover 1
The Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation Medicine 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 10
Contributing Authors 12
Preface 16
Acknowledgments 18
Chapter 1. Upper and Lower Motor Neurons 20
The Lower Motor Neuron 20
Lesions of the Lower Motor Neuron 25
The Upper Motor Neuron 26
Analysis of the Upper Motor Neuron 33
References 34
Chapter 2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Vascular Supply to the Brain 38
Brain Anatomy 38
Study of Brain Vascular Physiology 40
Determinants of Cerebral Blood Flow 45
Vascular Anatomy and Ischemic Syndromes 47
References 50
Chapter 3. Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia 52
The Cerebellum 52
The Basal Ganglia 59
References 69
Chapter 4. The Autonomic Nervous System 74
Terminology 74
Anatomic Organization (Figure 4-1) 75
Physiologic Basis of Autonomic Function 80
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 89
Autonomic Assessment Based on Cardiovascular Responses to Standard Tests 97
Temperature Regulation (Table 4-8) 99
References 100
Chapter 5. Skeletal Muscle:Structure, Chemistry, and Function 104
Muscle Development 104
Muscle Structure 105
Internal Noncontractile Structures 108
Skeletal Muscle Proteins 110
Muscle Contraction 113
Energy Production 115
References 118
Chapter 6. Receptors in Muscle and Their Role in Motor Control 122
Sensory Receptors in Muscle 123
Functional Properties of Spindles and Tendon Organs 126
Reflex Connections of Spindles and Tendon Organs 133
The Stretch Reflex in Motor Control 136
Conclusion 141
References 141
Chapter 7. Cardiopulmonary Physiology 146
Heart 146
The Peripheral Circulation 155
The Lungs 160
References 165
Chapter 8. Physiology of Synovial Joints and Articular Cartilage 168
Joint Structures and Anatomy 169
Ultrastructure of Articular Cartilage 171
Mechanical Behavior of Articular Cartilage 173
Theoretical Models of Material Behavior 175
Mechanical Properties of Normal Cartilage 178
Lubrication of Synovial Joints 182
Response of Cartilage to Immobilization 186
Response of Cartilage to Aging and Osteoarthritis 188
Effects of Osteoarthritis on Biomechanical Properties of Cartilage 191
Factors in the Etiology of Osteoarthritis 193
References 193
Chapter 9: Physiology of the Skin 198
Embryonic Development 198
Cellular and Glandular Components 198
Somatic Sensory Innervation of the Skin. 219
Selected Functions 220
References 229
Bibliography 232
Chapter 10. Nerve Conduction and Neuromuscular Transmission 234
Volume Conduction 236
Conduction Velocity 237
Applied Aspects 238
Late Responses 246
Clinical Correlations 247
A Technique of Nerve Conduction Development 249
Neuromuscular Transmission 250
References 254
Chapter 11. The Motor Unit and Muscle Action Potentials 262
Motor Unit 262
Recording of Muscle Action Potentials 266
Muscle Action Potentials—EMG Findings 270
Analysis of the Electromyogram and Special EMG 283
Clinical Applications 290
References 298
Chapter 12. Evoked Potentials 302
References 303
Chapter 12A. Visual Evoked Potentials 305
Test Procedure 305
Clinical Applications of Visual Evoked Potentials 306
References 311
Chapter 12B. Auditory Evoked Potentials 314
Classification 314
Anatomic-Physiologic Basis 315
Auditory Evoked Potentials Other Than BAEPs 317
Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials 319
Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials 329
Late Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials 332
Long Latency (Cognitive) Auditory Evoked Potentials 333
Conclusion 337
References 337
Chapter 12C. Somatosensory and Motor Evoked Potentials 343
Somatosensory Evoked Potential 343
Motor Evoked Potentials 357
Conclusion 361
References 361
Chapter 13. Human Thermoregulation 370
Temperature Measurement 370
Regulation of Body Temperature 373
Regulation of Body Temperature During Exercise 379
Summary 381
References 381
Chapter 14.Control of the Circulation in the Limbs 384
Hemodynamic Fundamentais of Blood Flow 384
Features of Arteries and Veins 387
Cellular Aspects of Vessel Function 389
Systemic Elements of Circulatory Control 395
Distribution of the Limb Circulation 396
Functional Regulation of Blood Flow 399
References 407
Chapter 15. Exercise and Fatigue 412
General Principles of Exercise 412
Specific Types of Exercise 415
Fatigue 425
Conclusion 428
References 428
Chapter 16. Energy Expenditure During Ambulation 432
Normal Gait 432
Energy Sources and Metabolism 433
Energy Measurement 434
Methods of Measuring Energy Expenditure 435
Energy Expenditure in Normal Persons 437
Levels of Activity Measured by Magnitude of Energy Cost 440
Energy Expenditure with Disability 440
Summary 449
Conclusion 461
References 461
Chapter 17. Physiologic Changes Associated with Bed Rest and Major Body Injury 466
Chapter 17A. Physiology of Bed Rest 467
Cardiovascular and Fluid Alterations 467
Respiration 469
Muscle Disuse 470
Calcium Metabolism 471
Gastrointestinal Alterations 472
Hormone Alterations 472
Bed Rest and Venous Thrombosis 473
Chapter 17B. An Overview of the Response to Injury 474
Mediators of the Response 474
The Endocrine-Immune System Interaction 481
Immune-Mediated Changes Following Injury 481
Biochemical Changes Following Injury and Sepsis 482
References 486
Chapter 18. Obesity and Weight Control 500
Classification of Obesity 500
Physiologic Risks 501
Dietary Regimens 510
Exercise Programs 510
Exercise and Safety 511
Other Considerations 513
Summary 514
References 514
Chapter 19. Urogenital Physiology 520
Genitourinary Anatomy 520
Genitourinary Neurophysiology 521
Physiology of Voiding 523
Pathophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms 526
Physiology of Sexual Function 530
References 534
Chapter 20. Autonomic Function in the Isolated Spinal Cord 538
Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System 538
Renovascular Function 539
Cardiovascular Function 540
Pulmonary Function 544
Temperature Regulation 545
Gastrointestinal Function 546
Sexual Function 550
Micturition 552
Summary 553
References 554
Chapter 21. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration 562
Anatomy and Physiology of the PeripheralNervous System 562
Peripheral Nerve Degeneration 564
Primary Growth Versus Nerve Regeneration 568
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration 568
Reinnervation of Muscle 573
Conclusions 574
References 576
Chapter 22. Biofeedback 582
Examining the Concept of Feedback 582
Other Feedback Options 583
Applications of Muscle Biofeedback 584
On Treatment Strategy 586
The Concept of Kinesiologic Electromyography 587
How Might Muscle Feedback Work? 588
References 589
Chapter 23. The Physiologic Aspects and Clinical Application of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Rehabilitation 592
History 592
Motor System Anatomy and Physiology 593
Components of Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation Systems 595
Alterations in Exercise Capacity Following Spinal Cord Injury 599
Clinical Applications 601
Conclusion 611
References 612
Chapter 24. Central Nervous System Plasticity and Cognitive Remediation 618
Central Nervous System Plasticity 618
Learning and Cognitive Remediation 622
Behavioristic and Cognitive Frames of Reference 623
Visual and Auditory Aspects of Learning 624
A Sampling of Treatment Methods for Remediation of Perceptual Disorders 627
The Executive Functions 628
Procedural and Declarative Knowledge 629
Procedural Knowledge, Declarative Knowledge and Remediation of the Executive Functions 630
Attentional Processes: The Principal Brain Loci 631
The Management of Attentional Disorders: A Sampling of Remediational Approaches 632
Memory and Learning 633
Kandel Synapses and Conditioning 635
Hebb Synapses and Long-Term Potentiation 636
The Remediation of Memory Deficits: A Sampling of Treatment Methods 638
References 640
Chapter 25. Aging of the Reproductive System in Women: Menopause 644
Definitions 644
Age at Natural Menopause 645
The Transition to Menopause 645
Multiple Effects of Decreased Estrogen Level 651
Hot Flashes 653
Sleep Patterns 657
Sexual Functioning 658
Conclusions 659
References 659
Chapter 26. Aphasia, Apraxia, and Agnosia 666
Handedness and Cerebral Dominance 666
Aphasia: Definition and Historical Background 666
Examination of the Patient 667
Aphasie Syndromes 669
Apraxia 672
Agnosias and Disorders of Spatial Perception and Manipulation 673
Calculation and Music 674
Aphasia Treatment 674
References 675
Chapter 27. Skeletal Physiology and Osteoporosis 678
Physiology of Bone Metabolism 678
Metabolic Bone Disease 689
Treatment 698
References 700
Chapter 28. Biology of Aging in Humans 708
Systemic Changes Associated with Aging 708
The Role of Exercise in Aging 715
Conclusion 720
References 720
Chapter 29. Pain and Suffering 724
Introduction to Clinical Pain 724
Evaluating the Complaint of Pain 726
Experimentally Induced Pain 728
Modulation of Pain and Suffering 731
Neuroanatomic Basis of Pain: 1965 732
Melzack-Wall Gate Control Theory: 1965 734
Neuroanatomical Basis for Pain: 1991 734
Neurotransmitter and Modulatory Substances 739
Neural Plasticity 741
The Gate Control Theory: 1991 742
Physical Treatment for Pain and Suffering 743
Psychosocial Aspects of Pain and Suffering 745
Behavioral Treatment of Pain and Suffering 746
Patients' Beliefs and Pain Treatment 748
Hypnosis 751
Future Directions 753
References 753
Index 758

Contributing Authors

Jose A. Alonso, M.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Rehabilitation, Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Assistant Attending Physician, The Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York, New York, New York

Jerry G. Blaivas, M.D., Department of Urology, New York Hospital/Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York

Joanne Borg-Stein, M.D., Assistant Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Medical Director, Spaulding and Newton Wellesley Hospital, Rehabilitation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Associate Chief, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newton, Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts

Assistant Professor. Richard Borkow, M.D., Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York

Anne Breuer, M.D., Clinical Assistant Professorof Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

John CM. Brust, M.D., Professor of Clinical Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Director, Department of Neurology Harlem Hospital Center, New York, New York

Eisworth R. Buskirk, Ph.D., Professor of Applied Physiology, Emeritus, Noll Laboratory for Human Performance, Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

Malcolm B. Carpenter, M.D., Professor and Chairman Emeritus, Department of Anatomy, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland

Arminius Cassvan, M.D.

Associate Professor of Clinical Rehabilitation, Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York

Chief, Rehabilitation Medicine, Franklin Hospital Medical Center, Valley Stream, New York

Director, Rehabilitation Medicine, Hempstead General Hospital Medical Center, Hempstead, New York

Yasoma Challenor, M.D.

Clinical Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

Director Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Blythedale Children’s Hospital, Valhalla, New York

W. Crawford, Clark, Associate Professor of Medical Psychology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Research Scientist VI Department of Biopsychology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York

Paul J. Corcoran, M.D.

Visiting Professor and Interim Director, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Clinical Director

Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Felicia Cosman, M.D.

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Regional Bone Center, College of Physicians and Surgeonsm Columbia University New York, New York

Regional Bone Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York

Lucien J. Cote, M.D., Associate Professor Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

John A. Downey, M.D., D.Phil. (Oxon), Simon Baruch Professor of Rehabilitation, Medicine College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Attending Physician, The Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York, New York, New York

Robert J. Downey, M.D., Fellow, Cardiothoracic Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

Erwin G. Gonzalez, M.D.

Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York

Director, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York

James Gordon, Ed.D., P.T., Assistant Professor Program in Physical Therapy, Research Scientist, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, New York

Leonard C. Harber, M.D., Rhodebeck Professor of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Attending Physician, The Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York, New York, New York

Martha E. Heath, Ph.D.

Department of Environmental Medicine, Navy Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland

Associate Research Scientist, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

Mazher M. Jaweed, Ph.D., Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

E. Ralph Johnson, M.D., Associate Professor and Acting Chairman, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, Attending Physician, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, California

Steven A. Kaplan, M.D., Assistant Professor of Urology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Director, Neuro-Urology and Prostate Center, The Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York New York, New York

David D. Kilmer, M.D., Assistant Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California

Fredi Kronenberg, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

Daniel E. Lemons, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biology, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York

James S. Lieberman, M.D., H.K. Corning Professor of Rehabilitation, Medicine Research, Chairman, Department of Rehabilitation, Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Director, Rehabilitation Medicine Service The Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York, New York, New York

Cynthia Lien, M.D., Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Cornell University Medical College, Associate Attending Anesthesiologist, The New York Hospital, New York, New York

Robert Lindsay, M.B.Ch.B., Ph.D., F.R.C.P., Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Chief, Department of Internal Medicine, Helen Hayes Hospital, New York, New York

Robert E. Lovelace, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Lond), Professor of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

Brenda S. Mallory, Assistant Professor of Rehabilitation, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Assistant Attending Physician, The Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York, New York, New York

J.P. Mohr, M.D., Sciarra Professor of Clinical Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

Jonathan R. Moldover, M.D., Associate Clinical Professor of Rehabilitation, Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York Chief, Rehabilitation Medicine, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York

C. Van Mow, Ph.D., B.A.E., Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Bioengineering, Director, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	22.10.2013
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie ► Rehabilitation
	Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
	Technik
ISBN-10	1-4831-9399-3 / 1483193993
ISBN-13	978-1-4831-9399-1 / 9781483193991

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