Microbiology

Jacquelyn Black?received her B.A., B.S., M.S. from the University of Chicago and her Ph.D. from Catholic University of America. She has been teaching microbiology to undergraduates since 1970. She is a member of the American Society for Microbiology, and she has received grants for conducting teacher-training programs.In May 0f 2000, the Washington Academy of Sciences gave Jackie the?Leo Schubert Award for Excellence in Teaching of Science in College. This award is given for exceptional teaching and writing in the field of microbiology, with particular emphasis on the teaching o undergraduate students. In addition to her extensive teaching experience, Dr. Black has engaged in fieldwork and studies throughout the globe. Her travels have taken her from the interior of Iceland to Belgium, Germany, Lappland, China, South America, Portugal, the barrier reef of Belize, and most recently to over a dozen universities in Russia. Dr. Black describes herself as an "incorrigible snoop," interested in all the various aspects and applications of microbiology. this natural curiosity, coupled with her classroom and laboratory experience, makes her uniquely qualified to author an introductory microbiology textbook. This book conveys her sense of excitement for microbiology and offers the most current information on developments and applications within this field.

1 Scope and History of Microbiology 1 WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY? 2 SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY 4 HISTORICAL ROOTS 9 THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE 11 EMERGENCE OF SPECIAL FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY 15 TOMORROW S HISTORY 19 2 Fundamentals of Chemistry 27 WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY? 27 CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS AND CHEMICAL BONDS 28 WATER AND SOLUTIONS 32 COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES 36 3 Microscopy and Staining 51 HISTORICAL MICROSCOPY 52 PRINCIPLES OF MICROSCOPY 52 LIGHT MICROSCOPY 58 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 62 TECHNIQUES OF LIGHT MICROSCOPY 68 4 Characteristics of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 77 BASIC CELL TYPES 78 PROKARYOTIC CELLS 78 EUKARYOTIC CELLS 97 EVOLUTION BY ENDOSYMBIOSIS 103 THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS MEMBRANES 105 5 Essential Concepts of Metabolism 115 METABOLISM: AN OVERVIEW 115 ENZYMES 118 ENZYME INHIBITION 120 ANAEROBIC METABOLISM: GLYCOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION 124 AEROBIC METABOLISM: RESPIRATION 128 THE METABOLISM OF FATS AND PROTEINS 134 OTHER METABOLIC PROCESSES 135 THE USES OF ENERGY 138 6 Growth and Culturing of Bacteria 146 GROWTH AND CELL DIVISION 146 FACTORS AFFECTING BACTERIAL GROWTH 156 SPORULATION 165 CULTURING BACTERIA 167 LIVING, BUT NONCULTURABLE, ORGANISMS 174 7 Microbial Genetics 179 AN OVERVIEW OF GENETIC PROCESSES 180 DNA REPLICATION 184 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 185 THE REGULATION OF METABOLISM 193 MUTATIONS 197 8 Gene Transfer and Genetic Engineering 213 THE TYPES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENE TRANSFER 214 TRANSFORMATION 215 TRANSDUCTION 217 CONJUGATION 220 GENE TRANSFER MECHANISMS COMPARED 224 PLASMIDS 224 GENETIC ENGINEERING 228 9 An Introduction to Taxonomy: The Bacteria 242 TAXONOMY: THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION 243 USING A TAXONOMIC KEY 245 THE FIVE-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 246 THE THREE-DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 250 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES 254 THE SEARCH FOR EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 256 BACTERIAL TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE 262 10 Viruses 272 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES 273 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES 277 EMERGING VIRUSES 284 VIRAL REPLICATION 287 CULTURING OF ANIMAL VIRUSES 297 VIRUSES AND TERATOGENESIS 299 VIRUSLIKE AGENTS: SATELLITES, VIROPHAGES, VIROIDS, AND PRIONS 300 VIRUSES AND CANCER 304 HUMAN CANCER VIRUSES 305 11 Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Parasites 311 PRINCIPLES OF PARASITOLOGY 312 PROTISTS 314 FUNGI 321 HELMINTHS 329 ARTHROPODS 337 12 Sterilization and Disinfection 345 PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION 346 CHEMICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 347 PHYSICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 357 13 Antimicrobial Therapy 371 ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY 372 THE HISTORY OF CHEMOTHERAPY 373 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 374 DETERMINING MICROBIALSENSITIVITIES TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 382 ATTRIBUTES OF AN IDEAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT 385 ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS 385 ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS 391 ANTIVIRAL AGENTS 394 ANTIPROTOZOAN AGENTS 396 ANTIHELMINTHIC AGENTS 397 SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH DRUG-RESISTANT HOSPITAL INFECTIONS 397 14 Host-Microbe Relationships and Disease Processes 405 HOST MICROBE RELATIONSHIPS 406 KOCH S POSTULATES 412 KINDS OF DISEASES 413 THE DISEASE PROCESS 415 INFECTIOUS DISEASES PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 427 15 Epidemiology and Nosocomial Infections 433 EPIDEMIOLOGY 434 NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS 455 BIOTERRORISM 464 16 Innate Host Defenses 472 INNATE AND ADAPTIVE HOST DEFENSES 473 PHYSICAL BARRIERS 474 CHEMICAL BARRIERS 474 CELLULAR DEFENSES 474 INFLAMMATION 482 FEVER 485 MOLECULAR DEFENSES 486 DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: WHO HAS ONE? 492 17 Basic Principles of Adaptive Immunity and Immunization 498 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNITY 499 TYPES OF IMMUNITY 499 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 501 HUMORAL IMMUNITY 507 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 513 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY 515 MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM 519 IMMUNIZATION 521 IMMUNITY TO VARIOUS KINDS OF PATHOGENS 530 18 Immune Disorders 539 OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS 540 IMMEDIATE (TYPE I) HYPERSENSITIVITY 541 CYTOTOXIC (TYPE II) HYPERSENSITIVITY 545 IMMUNE COMPLEX (TYPE III) HYPERSENSITIVITY 549 CELL-MEDIATED (TYPE IV) HYPERSENSITIVITY 552 AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS 554 TRANSPLANTATION 558 DRUG REACTIONS 561 IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES 562 IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTS 571 19 Diseases of the Skin and Eyes; Wounds and Bites 585 THE SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANES, AND EYES 586 DISEASES OF THE SKIN 589 DISEASES OF THE EYES 603 WOUNDS AND BITES 607 20 Urogenital and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 617 COMPONENTS OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM 618 UROGENITAL DISEASES USUALLY NOT TRANSMITTED SEXUALLY 621 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 627 21 Diseases of the Respiratory System 650 COMPONENTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 651 DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 654 DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT 660 22 Oral and Gastrointestinal Diseases 690 COMPONENTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 691 DISEASES OF THE ORAL CAVITY 693 GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA 698 GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES CAUSED BY OTHER PATHOGENS 709 23 Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, and Systemic Diseases 733 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 734 CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC DISEASES 735 SYSTEMIC DISEASES 740 24 Diseases of the Nervous System 772 COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 773 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND MENINGES 773 OTHER DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 782 25 Environmental Microbiology 801 FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY 801 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 803 AIR 812 SOIL 813 WATER 817 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS 818 SEWAGE TREATMENT 825 BIOREMEDIATION 827 26 Applied Microbiology 834 MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN FOOD 835 PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND FOOD SPOILAGE 842 MICROORGANISMS AS FOOD AND IN FOOD PRODUCTION 848 BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS 853 INDUSTRIAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY 855 USEFUL ORGANIC PRODUCTS 857 MICROBIOLOGICAL MINING 860 MICROBIOLOGICAL WASTE DISPOSAL 861 Appendices A METRIC SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS, CONVERSIONS, AND MATH TOOLS A-1 B CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES A-4 C WORD ROOTS COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN MICROBIOLOGY A-8 D SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THE HANDLING OF CLINICAL SPECIMENS A-11 E METABOLIC PATHWAYS A-13 GLOSSARY 866 CLINICAL CASE STUDY ANSWERS 894 CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ANSWERS 896 SELF-QUIZ ANSWERS 904 INDEX 916