Identification of Materials

The Task of Qualitative Analysis.- Principles and Definitions.- Specificity and Sensitivity.- The Method of Qualitative Analysis.- The Minimum Size of the Sample for Chemical Analysis.- Properties Affected by the Size of the System.- Apparatus, Technique, and Scale of Work.- Observation of Properties.- Selection of Procedure.- I: Technique of Observation and Manipulation.- Use of Optical Aids.- The Microscope.- Experiment 1. Inspecting and Cleaning the Microscope.- Illumination of the Specimen.- Experiment 2. Illumination of Microscopical Specimens.- Experiment 3. Calibration of Eyepiece Micrometer; Working Distances and Fields of Vision.- The Immersion Method for the Determination of Refraction.- Experiment 4. Phenomena Caused by Differences in Refraction.- Observation of Schlieren.- Experiment 5. Visual Observation of Schlieren.- Use of Polarized Light.- Experiment 6. Testing and Adjusting a Polarizing Microscope.- Experiment 7. Isotropic and Anisotropie Substances in Polarized Light.- Experiment 8. Determination of Vibration Directions in Relation to Profile.- Experiment 9. Use of Compensators.- Experiment 10. On the Determination of the Refractive Indices of Anisotropie Materials.- Experiment 11. Observation of Pleochroism.- Experiment 12. Observation of Axial Figures.- Experiment 13. Transition Phenomena in Polarized Light.- Experiment 14. Preserving Microscopical Preparations.- Technique of Experimentation and Observation.- Basic Rules.- Work on the Gram Scale.- Experiment 15. Phenomena Observed Upon Heating in an Inert Atmosphere.- Experiment 16. Phenomena Observed Upon Heating in a Stream of Air.- Experiment 17. Heating Upon the Charcoal Block.- Experiment 18. Performance of Flame Tests.- Work on the Centigram Scale.- Experiment 19. Preparation of Capillaries, Capillary Pipets, and Microburners.- Experiment 20. Emich's Method of Fractional Distillation.- Experiment 21. Emich's Method for the Determination of Boiling Points.- Work on the Milligram Scale.- Experiment 22. Calibration of Capillary Pipets and Centrifugal Pipets.- Experiment 23. Preparation and Calibration of Platinum Loops and Hooks.- Techniques of the Submilligram Scale.- Spot Tests.- Experiment 24. Test for Mercuric Mercury and Lead.- Experiment 25. Chromate Test for Silver.- Experiment 26. Tests for Bismuth and Antimony.- Experiment 27. Test for Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt.- Experiment 28. Test for Cadmium.- Experiment 29. Precipitation of Silver Arsenate.- Experiment 30. Molybdenum Blue Test for Tin.- Slide Tests.- Experiment 31. Silver Dichromate.- Experiment 32. Recrystallization of Silver Chloride.- Experiment 33. Lead Iodide.- Experiment 34. Potassium-Lead-Copper Nitrite.- Experiment 35. Cesium Iodobismuthite and Cesium Iodoantimonite.- Experiment 36. Bismuth Cobalticyanide Pentahydrate.- Experiment 37. The Mercurithiocyanates of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, and Cobalt.- Experiment 38. Test for Cadmium with Brucine and Bromide.- Experiment 39. Test for Mercury with Zinc, Copper, and Thiocyanate.- Experiment 40. Magnesium-Ammonium Arsenate and Silver Arsenate.- Experiment 41. Rubidium Chlorostannate.- Experiment 42. Estimation of the Relative Quantities of the Metals in a Slurry Containing Arsenic, Antimony, Copper, and Silver.- Working Upon the Surface of a Slide.- Experiment 43. Conversion of Silver Chloride to Silver Dichromate. Handling Precipitates and Solutions, Fusion, and Electrolytic Reduction.- Experiment 44. Separation of Bismuth and Lead. Evaporation, Extraction of "Invisible" Residues.- Experiment 45. Separation of Silver, Lead, and Mercurous Mercury, Sublimation, Extraction with Boiling Solutions.- Experiment 46. Test for Ammonium Ion, Use of the Gas Reaction Cell.- Working in Capillaries.- Experiment 47. Lead Sulfate, Triple Nitrite, Lead Chromate The Capillary as Adjunct to Working Upon the Microscope Slide.- Experiment 48. Recrystallization of Lead Iodide.- Experiment 49. Isolation of Metallic Mercury, Conversion to Iodide.- Experiment 50. Bettendorff's Test for Arsenic.- Experiment 51. Oxidation of Arsenic to Arsenic Acid. Carius' Treatment in Capillaries.- Experiment 52. Conversion of Aniline to Acetanilide.- Experiment 53. Conversion of Urea to Symmetrical Diphenyl Urea.- Experiment 54. Purification of Benzene; Separation by Partial Melting in the Capillary.- Experiment 55. Cupric Ammonia Complex, Observation of Color in the Capillary.- Working in Filter Paper.- Experiment 56. Ring-Oven Technique for Extraction and Evaporation in Paper.- Particles of Ion Exchange Resins as Reaction Media.- Working on Textile Fibers and Wires.- Experiment 57. Turmeric Test for Boric Acid.- Experiment 58. Test for Bismuth, Precipitation of the Sulfide Upon the Fiber and Conversion to Sulfate, Chromate, and Elemental Bismuth.- Experiment 59. Bead Test for Cobalt.- Experiment 60. Luminescence Test for Bismuth, Antimony, and Manganese.- Work on the Microgram Scale.- Apparatus.- Technique.- Experiment 61. Mechanical Separation of the Components of a Powder.- Experiment 62. Precipitation of Silver Dichromate Upon the Platform of the Condenser Rod.- Experiment 63. Estimation of the Quantities of Arsenic and Antimony in a Solution of Unknown Concentration.- Additional Practice Experiments for the Chosen Scale of Work.- Experiment 64. Study of Chemical Behavior.- Experiment 65. Analysis of Two Unknown Solutions.- Experiment 66. Identification of Simple Compounds of the Common Metals of the Hydrogen Sulfide Group.- Experiment 67. Identification of Simple Inorganic Compounds.- Experiment 68. Identification of Simple Compounds.- Experiment 69. Identification of Simple Compounds.- Experiment 70. Identification of Materials as They Occur in Nature, Industry, and Research.- II: Systematic Analysis: Choice of Materials and Cleaning.- Sampling for Analysis.- Systematic Procedure of Analysis.- The History of the Sample.- Description of Sample and Record of Investigation.- Preliminary Inspection.- The Sample is a Liquid.- Identification of Organized Matter.- Identification of Artifacts.- Well-Developed Crystals.- Solids of Random Shape and Structure.- Non-Destructive Testing.- Action Upon Light, Color.- Investigation of Crystals and Crystal Fragments.- Testing for Radioactive Decay.- Testing for Ferromagnetism.- Odor.- Hardness.- Refractive Index.- Density.- Classification Tests.- Observation of Transition Points Below 350° C.- Ignition Above 300° C.- Solubility.- Performance of Solubility Tests.- Review: Inorganic Substances.- Organic Substances.- Elemental Analysis of Organic Substances.- Testing with Dilute Sulfuric Acid.- Test with Concentrated Sulfuric Acid.- Flame Tests.- Bead Tests.- Review of Findings.- Dissolution of the Sample.- Treatment of Substances Insoluble in Acids.- Confirmatory Tests.- Group I A: Alkali Metals.- No. 3: Lithium, 6.939.- No. 11: Sodium, 22.9898.- No. 19: Potassium, 39.102.- No. 37: Rubidium, 85.47.- No. 55: Cesium, 132.905.- Group II A: Alkaline Earths.- No.4: Beryllium, 9.0122.- No.12: Magnesium, 24.312.- No. 20: Calcium, 40.08.- No. 38: Strontium, 87.62.- No. 56: Barium, 137.34.- Group III B: Scandium Group.- No. 21: Scandium, 44.956.- No. 39: Yttrium, and the Lanthanides, Nos. 57 to 71.- No. 58: Cerium, 140.12.- No. 63: Europium, 151.96.- No. 70: Ytterbium, 173.04.- Group IV B: Titanium Group.- No. 22: Titanium, 47.90.- No. 40: Zirconium, 91.22.- No. 90: Thorium, 232.038.- Group V B: Vanadium Group.- No. 23: Vanadium, 50.942.- No. 41: Niobium, 92.906.- No. 73: Tantalum, 180.948.- Group VI B: Chromium Group.- No. 24: Chromium, 51.996.- No. 42: Molybdenum, 95.94.- No. 74: Wolfram (Tungsten), 183.85.- No. 92: Uranium, 238.03.- Group VII B: Manganese Group.- No. 25: Manganese, 54.9380.- No. 75: Rhenium, 186.2.- Group VIII: Fe-Ni Triad.- No. 26: Iron, 55.847.- No. 27: Cobalt, 58.9332.- No. 28: Nickel, 58.71.- Group VIII: Ru-Pd Triad.- No. 44: Ruthenium, 101.07.- No. 45: Rhodium, 102.905.- No. 46: Palladium, 105.4.- Group VIII: Os-Pt Triad.- No. 76: Osmium, 190.2.- No. 77: Iridium, 192.2.- No. 78: Platinum, 195.09.- Group I B: Copper Group.- No. 29: Copper, 63.54.- No. 47: Silver, 107.870.- No. 79: Gold, 196.967.- Group II B: Zinc Group.- No.30: Zinc, 65.37.- No.48: Cadmium, 112.40.- No. 80: Mercury, 200.59.- Group III A: Boron-Thallium Group.- No. 5: Boron, 10.811.- No. 13: Aluminium, 26.9815.- No. 31: Gallium, 69.72.- No. 49: Indium, 114.82.- No. 81: Thallium, 204.37.- Group IV A: Carbon-Lead Group.- No.6: Carbon, 12.01115.- No. 14: Silicon, 28.086.- No. 32: Germanium, 72.59.- No. 50: Tin, 118.69.- No.82: Lead, 207.19.- Group V A: Nitrogen-Bismuth Group.- No. 7: Nitrogen, 14.0067.- No. 15: Phosphorus, 30.9738.- No. 33: Arsenic, 74.9216.- No. 51: Antimony, 121.75.- No. 83: Bismuth, 208.980.- Group VI A: Oxygen-Polonium Group.- No. 8: Oxygen, 15.9994.- No. 16: Sulfur, 32.064.- No. 34: Selenium, 78.96.- No. 52: Tellurium, 127.60.- Group VII A: Halogen Group.- No. 9: Fluorine, 18.9984.- No. 17: Chlorine, 35.453.- No. 35: Bromine, 79.909.- No. 53: Iodine, 126.9044.- Separations.- Systematic Schemes for the Detection of Cations.- The Classical Scheme.- Outline for the Separation of the Analytical Groups.- Observations and Notes.- Analysis of Metals and Alloys Attacked by Nitric Acid.- Separation of the Analytical Groups of Novxs and BRAY.- Systematic Search for Anions.- I. Only Alkali Metals or (and) Ammonium Are Present.- II. Nonmetallic Materials Readily Dissolved or Decomposed by Water or Acids.- III. Nonmetallic Refractory Materials.- Final Review of Observations and Report.- Test Solutions.- Preparation of Unknowns.- Reagents.- Table 1. Color of Some Inorganic Substances.- Table 2. Substances Crystallizing in the Cubic System.- Elements.- Inorganic Compounds.- Organic Compounds.- Table 3. Substances Crystallizing in the Hexagonal System.- Elements.- Inorganic Compounds.- Organic Compounds.- Table 4. List of Common Inorganic Compounds in the Order of Their Melting Points.- Table 5. Inorganic Substances that Sublime, Arranged According to Color.- Table 6. Inorganic Solids which Burst into Flame when Heated in Air, Ignition Temperatures in Centigrades.- Table 7. List of Solids which Explode on Heating.- Inorganic Compounds.- Organic Compounds.- Table 8. Inorganic Solids Moderately Soluble in Water at Room Temperature.- Literature.- General Reference Books.- Theory of Chemical Analysis.- Reagents.- Standard Tests and Procedures of Qualitative Analysis.- Chromatography and Ion Exchange.- Instrumental Methods.- Chemical Microscopy.- Slide Tests and Spot Tests.- Micro Analysis and Microtechnique.- Miscellaneous Applications of Microtechnique.- Mineralogy.- Journals.- Reports.- Theses.- Unpublished Experiments.- Private Communications.- Meetings.- Addresses.