Paleobiogeography

1. What Is Paleobiogeography?.- 2. The Relevance of Hierarchy Theory to Biogeography and Paleobiogeography.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. The Genealogical and Economic Hierarchies.- 2.3. Hierarchies and Evolution.- 2.4. Hierarchies and Biogeography.- 2.5. Climate Change and Biogeographic Patterns.- 2.6. Geological Change and Biogeographic Patterns over Even Longer Timescales.- 2.7. Mass Extinctions and Biogeography.- 2.8. Conclusions.- 3. On the Quality of the Fossil Record and What a Paleobiogeographer Can See.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Taphonomic Studies.- 3.3. Area and Volume of Sediments.- 3.4. Phylogenetic Studies.- 3.5. Confidence Intervals on Stratigraphic Ranges.- 3.6. Studies of Sedimentation Rates and Stratigraphic Completeness.- 3.7. Conclusions.- 4. The History of Biogeography and Paleobiogeography.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Preevolutionary Biogeographic Views.- 4.3. Evolutionary Biogeography.- 4.4. The Role of Isolation as a Mechanism of Speciation and Biogeographic Differentiation.- 4.5. Conclusions.- 5. Allopatric Speciation and Vicariance.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. The Relevance of Allopatric Speciation to Historical Biogeography.- 5.3. Comparing Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation.- 5.4. Why Speciation Is Important in Biogeography?.- 5.5. Why Speciation Is Especially Important in Paleobiogeography?.- 5.6. The Relationship among Allopatric Speciation, Punctuated Equilibrium, and Dispersal.- 5.7. Conclusions.- 6. Vicariance, Dispersal, and Plate Tectonics.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Dispersion and Dispersal.- 6.3. Traditional Dispersal.- 6.4. Defining a Different Type of Dispersal: Geodispersal.- 6.5. Historical Framework on the Concept of Geodispersal.- 6.6. Integrating Vicariance and Geodispersal with Plate Tectonics.- 6.7. Relating Earth History and Evolution: General Perspective.- 6.8. Limits of Resolution in the Fossil Record, Our Ability to Identify Paleobiogeographic Patterns, and Conclusions.- 7. Defining Areas in Paleobiogeography.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Species Concepts: Ontology and Epistemology.- 7.3. The Individuality of Species.- 7.4. Translating the Debate about Species to the Debate about the Nature or Ontology of Areas.- 7.5. The Epistemology of Areas.- 7.6. Conclusions.- 8. Biogeography and the Comparative Method.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Phylogenetics and Biogeography.- 8.3. Tracing Biogeographic Distributions Group by Group: the Problem of Ancestors.- 8.4. Quantitative Approaches to Reconstruct the Historical Biogeography of Individual Clades.- 8.5. Areas as Binary Characters.- 8.6. Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis.- 8.7. Conclusions.- 9. The Search for Congruence: Analyzing Biogeographic Patterns in Several Clades.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Potential Sources of Noise in Paleobiogeographic Studies.- 9.3. Extinct Taxa and the Difference between Biogeography and Paleobiogeography.- 9.4. Additional Basic Assumptions of any Biogeographic Study.- 9.5. Analytical Approaches to Historical Biogeography.- 9.6. Phenetic Approaches to Biogeographic Analysis.- 9.7. Probabilistic Approaches to Biogeographic Analysis.- 9.8. Analytical Approaches to Biogeography within a Phylogenetic Framework.- 9.9. Arguments about Using Parsimony Algorithms in Biogeography.- 9.10. Other Criticisms of Brooks Parsimony Analysis that Are No Longer Valid.- 9.11. Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity.- 9.12. Case Studies Assessing the Efficacy of Components Analysis vs Brooks Parsimony Analysis that Used the Extant Biota.- 9.13. Paleobiogeographic Studies Using Phylogenetic Approaches and the Modified Version of Brooks Parsimony Analysis.- 9.14. Further Issues in Cladistic Biogeography that Need to be Explored.- 9.15. Conclusions.- 10. Biogeography and the Biodiversity Crisis.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Invasive Species and the Biodiversity Crisis: Geodispersal and Merging Areas of Endemism.- 10.3. Analogues from the Past: the Late Devonian Mass Extinction.- 10.4. Habitat Destruction and the Biodiversity Crisis: Destroying Areas of Endemism.- 10.5. Historical Perspective on Biogeography’s Role in Understanding the, Biodiversity Crisis.- 10.6. Biogeography: More Lessons from the Recent Past.- 10.7. Conclusions.- 11 Conclusions.- References.