Chemistry of High-Energy Materials (eBook)

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Thomas M. Klapötke, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.

Preface to this English edition 6
Preface to the first German edition 8
Contents 10
1 Introduction 14
1.1 Historical Overview 14
1.2 New Developments 20
1.2.1 Polymer-Bonded Explosives 20
1.2.2 New High (Secondary) Explosives 22
1.2.3 New Primary Explosives 30
1.2.4 New Oxidizers for Solid Rocket Motors 32
1.3 Definitions 33
1.4 Combustion, Deflagration, Detonation — A Short Introduction 37
1.4.1 Fire and Combustion 37
1.4.2 Deflagration and Detonation 40
2 Classification of Energetic Materials 42
2.1 Primary Explosives 42
2.2 High (Secondary) Explosives 44
2.3 Propellant Charges 51
2.4 Rocket Propellants 53
2.4.1 Chemical Thermal Propulsion (CTP) 64
2.5 Pyrotechnics 65
2.5.1 Detonators, Initiators, Delay Compositions and Heat-Generating Pyrotechnics 65
2.5.2 Light-Generating Pyrotechnics 68
2.5.3 Decoy Flares 72
2.5.4 Smoke Munitions 78
2.5.5 Near-Infrared (NIR) Compositions 81
3 Detonation, Detonation Velocity and Detonation Pressure 84
4 Thermodynamics 88
4.1 Theoretical Basis 88
4.2 Computational Methods 94
4.2.1 Thermodynamics 94
4.2.2 Detonation Parameters 97
4.2.3 Combustion Parameters 101
4.2.4 Example: Theoretical Evaluation of New Solid Rocket Propellants 105
4.2.5 Example: EXPLO5 Calculation of the Gun Propellant Properties of Single, Double and Triple Base Propellants 112
5 Initiation 114
6 Experimental Characterization of Explosives 116
6.1 Sensitivities 116
6.2 Long-Term Stabilities 121
6.3 Insensitive Munitions 123
6.4 Gap Test 125
6.5 Classification 126
7 Special Aspects of Explosives 130
7.1 Shaped Charges 130
7.2 Detonation Velocities 136
7.3 Gurney Model 141
7.3.1 Example: Calculation of the Gurney Velocity for a General Purpose Bomb 146
8 Correlation between the Electrostatic Potential and the Impact Sensitivity 148
8.1 Electrostatic Potentials 148
8.2 Volume-Based Sensitivities 151
9 Design of Novel Energetic Materials 154
9.1 Classification 154
9.2 Polynitrogen Compounds 156
9.3 High-Nitrogen Compounds 161
9.3.1 Tetrazole and Dinitramide Chemistry 162
9.3.2 Tetrazole, Tetrazine and Trinitroethyl Chemistry 169
9.3.3 Ionic Liquids 174
9.4 Dinitroguanidine Derivatives 175
10 Synthesis of Energetic Materials 178
10.1 Molecular Building Blocks 178
10.2 Nitration Reactions 179
10.3 Processing 184
11 Safe Handling of Energetic Materials in the Laboratory 186
11.1 General 186
11.2 Protective Equipment 187
11.3 Laboratory Equipment 189
12 Energetic Materials of the Future 192
13 Related Topics 198
13.1 Thermobaric Weapons 198
13.2 Agent Defeat Weapons 200
13.3 Nanothermites 201
13.3.1 Example: Iron Oxide /Aluminum Thermite 207
13.3.2 Example: Copper Oxide /Aluminum Thermite 208
13.3.3 Example: Molybdenum Trioxide /Aluminum Thermite 209
14 Study Questions 212
15 Literature 216
16 Appendix 224
Author 234
Index 236

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"This book makes a nice addition to the shelf of everyone involved with energetic materials. As such it is recommended as a very useful reference for both students and experienced readers."
Ernst-Christian Koch in: Propellants Explosive Phyrotechnics 16/2011

"The graduate-level text book Chemistry of High-Energy Materials provides an introduction to and an overview of primary and secondary (high) explosives as well as propellant charges, rocket propellants and pyrotechnics."
In: Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe März 2011