Tsunamiites - Features and Implications (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Tsunamiites 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Chapter 1: Introduction: Why a Book on Tsunamiites 16
References 19
Chapter 2: The Term 'Tsunamiite' 20
References 22
Chapter 3: Tsunamis and Tsunami Sedimentology 24
1. Introduction 25
2. Generation, Propagation and Quantification 26
3. Tsunami Sedimentology 35
4. Concluding Remarks 57
References 60
Chapter 4: Bedforms and Sedimentary Structures Characterizing Tsunami Deposits 66
1. Introduction 67
2. Differences of Waveforms Between Tsunami- and Storm-Induced Waves 67
3. Bedforms and Sedimentary Structures Reflecting the Tsunami Waveform 69
4. Single-Bed Deposits 69
5. Multiple-Bed Deposits 70
6. Depositional Model in Shallow Water 73
7. Conclusions 74
References 75
Chapter 5: Sedimentary Characteristics and Depositional Processes of Onshore Tsunami Deposits: An Example of Sedimentation Associated with the 12 July 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki Earthquake Tsunami 78
1. Introduction 79
2. General Setting 80
3. Methods 84
4. Results 84
5. Discussion 89
6. Conclusions 92
Acknowledgements 93
References 93
Chapter 6: Deposits of the 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami 96
1. Introduction 97
2. 1992 Tsunami Deposits Along the Nicaragua Coast 99
3. Tsunami Deposits Near Playa de Popoyo 103
4. Grading of the Tsunami Deposits 108
5. Discussion 114
Acknowledgements 116
Appendix A. Field and Laboratory Protocols 116
References 117
Chapter 7: Distribution and Significance of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Deposits: Initial Results from Thailand and Sri Lanka 120
1. Introduction 121
2. Localities and Methods of Study 121
3. Distribution and Significance of the Tsunami Deposits 124
4. Discussion 134
5. Conclusion 135
Acknowledgements 135
References 136
Chapter 8: Thickness and Grain-Size Distribution of Indian Ocean Tsunami Deposits at Khao Lak and Phra Thong Island, South-western Thailand 138
1. Introduction 139
2. Study Areas 139
3. Impact of the Tsunami 139
4. Thickness and Grain-Size Distribution 141
5. Discussion 144
6. Conclusions 146
Acknowledgments 146
References 146
Chapter 9: Tsunami Depositional Processes Reflecting the Waveform in a Small Bay: Interpretation from the Grain-Size Disistribution and Sedimentary Structures 148
1. Introduction 149
2. Regional Setting 150
3. Sedimentary Facies of the Tsunami Deposits 152
4. Grain-Size Distribution of the Tsunami Deposits 154
5. Discussion 158
6. Conclusions 164
Acknowledgments 165
References 165
Chapter 10: Offshore Tractive Current Deposition: The Forgotten Tsunami Sedimentation Process 168
1. Introduction 168
2. Offshore Traction Linked to Tsunami-Triggered Gravity Flows 170
3. Discussion 173
4. Summary 173
References 174
Chapter 11: Volcanism-Induced Tsunamis and Tsunamiites 178
1. Introduction 179
2. Volcanism-Induced Tsunamis 179
3. Volcanism-Induced Tsunamiites 184
4. Discussion and Summary 194
Acknowledgements 196
References 196
Chapter 12: Deep-Sea Homogenites: Sedimentary Expression of a Prehistoric Megatsunami in the Eastern Mediterranean 200
1. Introduction 201
2. Deep-Sea Homogenites 202
3. Discussion 209
4. Conclusions 214
Acknowledgements 214
References 214
Post Scriptum 216
Chapter 13: Tsunami-Related Sedimentary Properties of Mediterranean Homogenites as an Example of Deep-Sea Tsunamiite 218
1. Introduction 219
2. Setting, Types and Distribution of Homogenites 219
3. Sedimentary Properties 221
4. Discussion of Sedimentological Problems 223
5. Comparison with Other Deep-Sea Tsunamiites 227
6. Concluding Remarks 228
Acknowledgements 228
Appendix: Reflections on Terminology 229
References 229
Chapter 14: Tsunamiites-Conceptual Descriptions and a Possible Case at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Pernambuco Basin, Northeastern Brazil 232
1. Introduction and Previous Studies 233
2. A Theoretical Approach Towards the Identification of Tsunamiites 235
3. Methods and Data Analyses 240
4. Geological Setting of the Study Area 241
5. Characteristics of the Poty Quarry K/T Boundary 242
6. The Controversy About the Position of the K/T Boundary 249
7. Bed D, the Possible Tsunamiite and a Tentative Model 254
8. Concluding Remarks 261
Acknowledgements 261
References 262
Chapter 15: Deep-Sea Tsunami Deposits in the Proto-Caribbean Sea at the Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary 266
1. Introduction 267
2. Paleogeography of the Proto-Caribbean Sea and Geological Setting of the Study Sites 269
3. Sedimentary Processes of the Pentildealver Formation 270
4. Comparison of K/T-Boundary Deep-Sea Tsunami Deposits in the Proto-Caribbean Sea 277
5. Implications for the Genesis and Number of Tsunami Currents at the K/T Boundary 285
6. Conclusions 287
Acknowledgements 288
References 288
Chapter 16: The Genesis of Oceanic Impact Craters and Impact-Generated Tsunami Deposits 292
1. Introduction 293
2. Morphology of Oceanic Impact Craters 294
3. The Generation of Tsunamis by Oceanic Impacts 296
4. Impact-Generated Tsunami Deposits Inside and Outside the Oceanic Impact Craters 298
5. Distribution and Significance of the K/T-Boundary Tsunami Deposits Around the Chicxulub Crater 301
6. Significance and Distribution of the K/T-Boundary Tsunami Deposits 308
7. Summary 309
Acknowledgements 309
References 309
Chapter 17: Tsunami Boulder Deposits 314
1. Introduction 314
2. Boulder Movement by Waves and the Storm/Tsunami Threshold for Boulder Dislocation 316
3. Examples of Tsunami Boulder Deposits Worldwide 320
4. Dating Tsunami Boulder Deposits 324
5. Open Questions in Coastal Boulder Transport 328
Acknowledgements 328
References 328
Chapter 18: Characteristic Features of Tsunamiites 334
1. Introduction 335
2. Characteristics of Tsunamis and Tsunami Deposition 336
3. Sedimentary Structures in Tsunamiite Beds 342
4. Constituents of Tsunamiites 346
5. Tsunamiite Features in Various Environments 346
6. Conclusive Remarks 351
Acknowledgements 351
References 352
Chapter 19: Sedimentology of Tsunamiites Reflecting Chaotic Events in the Geological Record-Significance and Problems 356
1. Introduction 357
2. Tsunamiites as Records of Ancient Events 357
3. Patterns of Tsunamiite Occurrence in Time 361
4. Preservation Potential of Tsunamiites 367
5. Conclusive Remarks and Future Studies 369
Acknowledgements 369
References 369
Chapter 20: Introduction to a Tsunami-Deposits Database 374
1. Introduction 375
2. Methodology 376
3. Database Description and Possible Modifications 379
4. Categorization 379
5. Accessibility 383
6. Collaboration and Reliability 383
7. The Nature of Tsunami Deposits: Preliminary Findings on Tsunami-Deposit Characteristics 384
8. Are Tsunami Depositional or Erosional Events? 385
9. Tsunami Deposits Reflect Availability of Source Material 386
10. Comparison of Tsunami Deposits and Storm Deposits 386
11. Locating Tsunami Deposits 388
12. Ephemeral Nature of the Deposits 389
13. Offshore Deposits 390
14. Examples of Database Queries 390
15. Request for Assistance 392
16. Conclusions 392
Acknowledgement 393
Appendix: Updated Tsunami-Deposit Database Form 393
References 395
Bibliography of Tsunamiite 398
Index 420