Science of Heat and Thermophysical Studies (eBook)

Cover 1
CONTENTS 12
PREFACE 8
SOME PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 16
Exploring the environment and scale dimensions 16
Warmth and our thermal feeling 22
Databases in thermal material science 25
Horizons of knowledge 31
Measurability and knowability 42
Commencement of thermal studies 47
Touching ultimate hypotheses 51
Science of thermal dynamics 54
MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES OF THERMAL SCIENCE 59
Heat as a manufacturing tool and instrumental reagent 59
Mechanical motion and heat transfer 64
Special but not rare case of self-organization 70
Stimulation responses and generality of power laws 75
Thermal science and energy resources 78
Thermal processing and manufacturing of advanced materials 87
FIRE AS A PHILOSOPHICAL AND ALCHEMICAL ARCHETYPE 95
Sources and effects of fire 95
Early Greek philosophical views 99
Concept of four elements 105
Impact of alchemy 110
Emerging new ideas 117
CONCEPT OF HEAT IN THE RENAISSANCE AND NEW AGE 123
Phlogiston - deciphering combustion 123
Rise of the theory of caloric 125
Decline of the caloric concept 130
Heat and energy 131
Atomists and matter 137
Underpinning of thermodynamics 143
Thermal radiation and the modern concept of vacuum 149
UNDERSTANDING HEAT, TEMPERATURE AND GRADIENTS 155
Development of the concept of temperature 155
Heat transfer 162
Non-stationary heat diffusion and the Schrodinger equation 167
Practical aspects of heat flow: contact resistance and periodical outcome 168
Turbulent boundary layers 171
Special aspects of non-equilibrium heat transfer 173
Human response as the warm-cool feeling 175
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of fluid systems and our 'cosmological engine' 177
HEAT, ENTROPY AND INFORMATION 183
Caloric as entropy and the information concept 183
Idealized heat engine working with zero-point electromagnetic radiation 190
Heat engine realized on a molecular level 194
Entropy, order and information 197
Information and organization 206
Quantum information processing 210
Quantum diffusion and self-organisation of oscillatory reactions 213
THERMODYNAMICS AND THERMOSTATICS 219
Principles of chemical thermodynamics 219
Effect of the steady temperature changes - (rate of heating) 223
Thermal properties and measurable quantities 224
Chemical reactions 226
Heterogeneous systems and the effect of surface energy 227
Equilibria and generalized Clapeyron equations 231
Ideal and real solid solutions, phase diagrams 234
Nucleation phenomena and phase transitions 239
Effect of perturbations and features of a rational approach 242
THERMODYNAMICS, ECONOPHYSICS, ECOSYSTEMS AND SOCIETAL BEHAVIOR 245
Thermodynamics and its societal and economical applicability 245
Efficiency, economic production and generalized Carnot cycle 248
Thermodynamic laws versus human feelings 251
Rules of behavior: strategy for survival and evolution 257
Openness, interfaces and useful work as exergy in ecosystems 261
THERMAL PHYSICS OF PROCESSES DYNAMICS 266
Phase transitions and their order 266
Broadened phase transformations 269
Equilibrium background and kinetic degree of a phase transition 270
Aspects of invariant and variant processes 272
Kinetic phase diagrams 275
T-T-T and C-T diagrams 280
Thermodynamics of non-equilibrium glass transition 282
Use of temperature-enthalpy-diagrams for a better understanding of transition processes in glasses 286
MODELING REACTION MECHANISM: THE USE OF EUCLIDIAN AND FRACTAL GEOMETRY 291
Constitutive equations applied in chemical kinetics 291
Modeling used in the phenomenological description of a reaction path 294
Idealized models contrary to the real process mechanisms and morphologies 302
Accommodating non-integral power exponents 311
Alternative creation of geometrical models, significance of limits, self-similarity, Koch fractal curve 318
Fractal dimensions, non-random and natural fractals, the construction of Sierpinski gaskets 326
Deterministic chaos, periodic points and logistic functions 329
NON-ISOTHERMAL KINETICS BY THERMAL ANALYSIS 333
Fundamental aspects of kinetic data evaluation 333
Formal kinetic models and the role of accommodation function 337
Practicality and peculiarity of non-isothermal approximations 340
Applied non-isothermal studies under special experimental conditions 344
Optimal kinetic evaluation procedures of experimental data 350
Controlled rate and temperature oscillation modes 354
Kinetic compensation effect 355
THERMOMETRY AND CALORIMETRY 359
Heat determination by calorimetry 359
Origins of modern thermal analysis 361
Measurements of thermal diffusivity 366
Classification of thermoanalytical methods - heat balance 370
DTA and DSC as quantitative instruments 373
DTA calibration and the use of defined electrical pulses 376
Practical cases of applications (Phase diagrams, heat capacity, impurity measurements, optimizations) 381
Temperature modulated mode 387
Appendices - enthalpy data 390
THERMOPHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL 393
Measurements and modes of assessment 393
Temperature control 399
Temperature detection 405
Treatment of the output signal 406
Characterization of experimental curves 410
Purpose of the measurement - exemplifying thermogravimetry 412
Controversial character of bulk and spot observations 421
Particularity of temperature modulation 424
AFTERWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 427
LITERATURE 435
INDEX 458
APPENDIX 468
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 487