Petrophysics (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
About the Authors 19
Acknowledgment 21
Preface to the First Edition 22
Preface to the Second Edition 24
Units 26
Chapter 1. Introduction to Mineralogy 28
Mineral Constituents of Rocks„A Review 29
Properties of Sedimentary Particles 41
Development and Use of Petrophysics 47
Objectives and Organization 49
Problems 51
Glossary (Chapter 1) 51
References 53
Chapter 2. Introduction to Petroleum Geology 56
Review of Composition of the Globe 56
Sedimentary Geology 64
Origin of Petroleum 73
Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum 76
Properties of Subsurface Fluids 80
Petroleum Chemistry 98
Problems 108
Nomenclature 110
References 112
Chapter 3. Porosity and Permeability 114
Porosity 115
Permeability 127
Permeability–Porosity Relationships 132
Problems 220
Nomenclature 223
References 225
Chapter 4. Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation 230
Formation Resistivity Factor 231
Resistivity of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks 269
Flow Units for Shaly Sandstones 280
Lab-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks 284
Log-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks, 310
Formation Evaluation 310
Problems 328
Nomenclature 332
References 336
Chapter 5. Capillary Pressure 340
Capillary Pressure 340
Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure 349
Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection 351
Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure 357
Pore Size Distribution 369
Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir 373
Capillary Number 379
Problems 382
Nomenclature 383
References 384
Chapter 6. Wettability 387
Wettability 387
Evaluation of Wettability 398
Water-Oil-Rock Interfacial Activity 409
Alteration of Wettability 417
Effect of Wettability on Electrical Properties 425
Problems 430
Nomenclature 431
References 433
Chapter 7. Applications of Darcy’s Law 442
Darcy’s Law 443
Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids 444
Linear Flow of Gas 444
Darcy’s and Poiseuille’s Laws 451
Linear Flow through Fractures and Channels 452
Radial Flow Systems 461
Radial Laminar Flow of Gas 474
Turbulent Flow of Gas 479
Multiple-Permeability Rocks 496
Problems 506
Nomenclature 510
References 511
Chapter 8. Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 515
Introduction 515
Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks 517
Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures 517
Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 519
Indicators of Natural Fractures 522
Visual Identification of Fractures 527
Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks 527
Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures 558
Characterizing Natural Fractures from Well Test Data 561
Problems 575
Nomenclature 577
References 578
Chapter 9. Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties 581
Static Stress-Strain Relation 582
Rock Deformation 588
Rock Strength and Hardness 607
Compressibility of Porous Rocks 613
Effect of Stress on Core Data 626
Porosity–Permeability–Stress Relationship 633
Effect of Stress on Fracturing 648
In-Situ Stress Distribution 664
Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure 670
Problems 686
Nomenclature 691
References 693
Chapter 10. Fluid-Rock Interactions 698
Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability 698
Nature of Permeability Damage 701
Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability 712
Critical Velocity Concept 736
Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms 746
Effect of Water Quality on Permeability 758
Problems 783
Nomenclature 784
References 786
Appendix Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties 790
Experiment 1. Fluid Content of Rocks by the Retort Method 791
Introduction 791
Equipment and Procedures 792
Sample Calculations 793
Questions and Problems 794
References 795
Experiment 2. Measurement of Saturation by Extraction 796
Introduction 796
Equipment and Procedures 797
Sample Calculations 798
Questions and Problems 798
References 799
Experiment 3. Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity 800
Introduction 800
Equipment and Procedures 801
Questions and Problems 803
References 803
Experiment 4. Specific Gravity of Gases 804
Introduction 804
Equipment and Procedures 804
Sample Calculations 806
Questions and Problems 806
References 806
Experiment 5. Viscosity 807
Introduction 807
Equipment and Procedures 807
Cannon-Fenske Viscometer 808
Questions and Problems 810
References 810
Experiment 6. Fluorescence 811
Introduction 811
Equipment and Procedures 812
Questions and Problems 813
References 813
Experiment 7. Absolute and Effective Porosity 814
Introduction 814
Equipment and Procedures 815
Questions and Problems 824
References 824
Experiment 8. Particle Size Distribution 825
Introduction 825
Equipment and Procedures 825
Questions and Problems 830
References 830
Experiment 9. Surface Area of Sediments 831
Introduction 831
Equipment and Procedure 832
Questions and Problems 838
References 838
Experiment 10. Absolute Permeability 840
Introduction 840
Equipment and Procedures 841
Sample Calculations 844
Questions and Problems 847
References 848
Experiment 11. Verification of the Klinkenberg Effect 849
Introduction 849
Equipment and Procedures 849
Questions and Problems 852
References 852
Experiment 12. Relative Permeability 853
Introduction 853
Steady-State Method 854
Unsteady-State Method 855
Equipment and Procedures 855
Questions and Problems 860
References 861
Experiment 13. Basic Well Log Petrophysical Parameters 862
Introduction 862
Equipment and Procedures 864
Sample Calculations 866
Questions and Problems 867
References 867
Experiment 14. Surface and Interfacial Tensions 868
Introduction 868
Equipment and Procedures 868
Sample Calculations 871
Questions and Problems 871
References 872
Experiment 15. Capillary Pressure 873
Introduction 873
Equipment and Procedures 874
Sample Calculations 883
Questions and Problems 885
References 888
Experiment 16. Pore Size Distribution 889
Introduction 889
Equipment and Procedures 890
Sample Calculations 891
Questions and Problems 891
References 892
Experiment 17. Determination of Z-Factors for Imperfect Gases 893
Introduction 893
Equipment and Procedures 896
Questions and Problems 896
Referenceces 897
Experiment 18. Basic Sediment and Water (BS& W)
Introduction 898
Equipment and Procedures 898
Questions and Problems 899
References 899
Experiment 19. Point-Load Strength Test 900
Introduction 900
Equipment and Procedures 900
Sample Calculations 901
Questions and Problems 902
References 902
Utilities 903
Preservation of Cores 903
Synthetic Brine Solution 905
Dead-Weight Teste 905
Procedure 906
References 906
Index 908