Rheology and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Rheology and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
Chapter 1. Introduction to the book 18
1.1 The structure of the book 18
1.2 History of rheology and Newton 19
1.3 Different viscometers 20
1.4 Limits of Newtonian behaviour 20
1.5 Rheological models for non-Newtonian fluids 20
1.6 Rheometers for the non-Newtonian range 21
1.7 Solidification theory 21
1.8 Lund high pressure chamber 22
1.9 Luleå high pressure chamber 22
1.10 Lubricant compressibility 23
1.11 Interferometry film thickness measurement 23
1.12 Film thickness at combined rolling and sliding 24
1.13 Transverse sliding 24
1.14 The blue laser technique 25
1.15 The jumping ball apparatus 25
1.16 Computerized jumping ball apparatus 26
1.17 The Newtonian elastohydrodynamic problem 26
1.18 Non-Newtonian fluid model 27
1.19 Pitting and micropitting 27
1.20 Mixed lubrication 27
1.21 Lubricant contamination 28
1.22 Influence of residual and static stresses 28
1.23 Overview of the different parameters 28
Chapter 2. History of rheology and Newton 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Early viscosity measurements 31
2.3 Conclusion 33
Chapter 3. Different viscometers 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Capillary tube viscometers 36
3.3 Falling body viscometers 39
3.4 Rotational viscometers 50
3.5 Thin flat channel viscometer 57
Chapter 4. Limits for Newtonian behaviour 66
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Different regimes 66
4.3 Non-Newtonian measurements 68
4.4 Conclusion 68
Chapter 5. Rheological models for non-Newtonian fluids 70
5.1 Introduction 70
5.2 Notation 71
5.3 Experimental investigations 71
5.4 Lubricant models 76
5.5 Conclusions 79
Chapter 6. Rheometers for the non-Newtonian range 86
6.1 Introduction 86
6.2 Concentric cylinder rheometer for non-Newtonian fluids 86
6.3 A computer aided rheometer 100
6.4 Conclusion 102
Chapter 7. Solidification theory 106
7.1 Introduction 106
7.2 Notation 106
7.3 Lubrication of heavily loaded spherical surfaces 108
Chapter 8. Lund high pressure chamber 136
8.1 Introduction 136
8.2 Experimental investigation of the shear strength of solidified oil 136
8.3 Detailed description of the high pressure chamber 137
8.4 Force analysis of the high pressure chamber 138
8.5 The weak points of the high pressure chamber 139
Chapter 9. Luleå high pressure chamber 144
9.1 Introduction 144
9.2 Experimental apparatus 145
9.3 Testing procedure 152
9.4 Evaluation of the test results 153
9.5 Conclusions 161
Chapter 10. Lubricant compressibility 166
10.1 Notation 166
10.2 Introduction 167
10.3 The high pressure chamber 167
10.4 Apparatus and method to determine B0 168
10.5 Isothermal volume change of lubricant with pressure 170
10.6 Compression through the solidification boundary 171
10.7 Analytical Solution for xsol 172
10.8 Numerical calculations of xs and .L 173
10.9 Results from curve fitting 173
10.10 Solidification pressure as a function of temperature 174
10.11 Example 178
10.12 Conclusion 178
Chapter 11. Interferometry film thickness measurement 182
11.1 Notation 182
11.2 Glass disc 183
11.3 Sapphire disc 191
Chapter 12. Film thickness at combined rolling and sliding 214
12.1 Introduction 214
12.2 Notation 214
12.3 The test apparatus 215
12.4 Results 216
12.5 Discussion of the film thickness measurements 217
12.6 Test results for the traction measurements 219
12.7 Discussion of the traction results 220
12.8 Conclusions 222
Chapter 13. Transverse sliding 226
13.1 Introduction 226
13.2 Background 226
13.3 Experimental technique 227
13.4 Experimental results 228
13.5 Conclusions 233
Chapter 14. The blue laser technique 236
14.1 Introduction 236
14.2 Experimental apparatus 237
14.3 Calibration 238
14.4 Results and discussion 239
Chapter 15. The jumping ball apparatus 246
15.1 Notation 246
15.2 Introduction 247
15.3 Experimental apparatus 250
15.4 Detailed description of the apparatus 250
15.5 Analysis 251
15.6 Experimental results 255
15.7 Correlation with transmission efficiency 256
Chapter 16. Computerized jumping ball apparatus 268
16.1 Introduction 268
16.2 The test apparatus 268
16.3 System solution 270
16.4 Optical sensor 272
16.5 Flash unit 272
16.6 Camera 273
16.7 The digitizer card 273
16.8 Computer program 274
16.9 Structure of the program 274
16.10 The Pascal program 275
16.11 Evaluation 276
Chapter 17. The Newtonian elastohydrodynamic problem 280
17.1 Introduction 280
17.2 Notation 282
17.3 Theory 284
17.4 Results 293
17.5 Conclusion 302
Chapter 18. Non-Newtonian fluid model 306
18.1 Introduction 306
18.2 Notation 308
18.3 Theory 310
18.4 Results 318
18.5 Conclusions 325
Chapter 19. Pitting and micropitting 330
19.1 Introduction 330
19.2 Test apparatus for .-value measurements 331
19.3 Test apparatus for pitting and micropitting experiments 331
19.4 Test results from the .-value apparatus 333
19.5 Test results from the ball bearing apparatus 333
19.6 Discussion of the results 334
19.7 Conclusions 335
Chapter 20. Mixed lubrication 338
20.1 Introduction 338
20.2 Notation 339
20.3 Theoretical model 340
20.4 Model for linear asperities in the direction of motion 342
20.5 Example 343
20.6 Experimental investigation 344
20.7 Experimental apparatus 345
20.8 Experimental results 346
20.9 Analysis of the experimental results 349
20.10 Comparison with theory 350
20.11 Numerical calculations for anisotropic flow 351
20.12 Conclusions 352
Chapter 21. Lubricant contamination 358
21.1 Introduction 358
21.2 Literature review 359
21.3 Theoretical results 365
21.4 Conclusions 368
Chapter 22. Influence of residual and static stresses 374
22.1 Introduction 374
22.2 Notation 375
22.3 Theoretical model 376
22.4 Dry contact calculations 376
22.5 Lubricated calculations 380
22.6 Endurance tests 382
22.7 Conclusions 383
Chapter 23. Overview of the different parameters 386
23.1 Introduction 386
23.2 Parameters 387
23.3 The surface roughness 387
23.4 The surface slope 388
23.5 The contact size 388
23.6 The viscosity-pressure coefficient 389
23.7 The traction properties 389
23.8 The outlet pressure spike 390
23.9 The sliding velocity 391
23.10 The ability to run-in 391
23.11 The scuffing failure 391
23.12 Lubricant cleanliness 392
23.13 Conclusions 392
23.14 Needs for future research 393
Index 396