Temperature-Salinity Analysis of World Ocean Waters (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Temperature — Salinity Analysis of World Ocean Waters 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Foreword to the English Edition 6
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 12
Acknowledgement 16
List of main symbols 16
CHAPTER 2. THE EQUATION OF STATE OF SEA WATER 20
1. The parameters of state of sea water 20
2. The equation of state of sea water 32
3. The equation of state of sea water at atmospheric pressure 36
4. The equation of state of sea water in situ 38
5. Characteristic diagrams. The T-S diagram 40
6. The equation of state in Tumlirz’ form 45
7. The equation of state in Tait-Gibson’s form 48
8. The equation of state in polynomial form 49
9. Simplified equation of state of sea water 50
10. Approximation of the Knudsen-Ekman equation of state 55
11. On the comparative exactness of the various equations of state of sea water 58
CHAPTER 3. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THERMODYNAMICS OF SEA WATER 60
12. Sea water as a subject of thermodynamics 60
13. Fundamental thermodynamic relationships for a single-component system 62
14. Fundamental thermodynamic relations for a two-component system - sea water 65
15. Chemical potential 69
16. The Gibbs-Duhem equation 72
17. Partial quantities 74
18. Heat capacity of sea water 77
19. The speed of sound 84
20. Kelvin’s formula 91
21. Non-linear properties of sea water 92
22. Contraction on mixing of sea waters 96
CHAPTER 4. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF THE EQUATION OF STATE 100
23. Expansion of function (Y = (S,T,p ) into Taylor’s series 100
24. Thermal expansion and saline “contraction” 103
25. The thermohaline derivative 109
26. Baric compressibility 113
27. Adiabatic compressibility and potential temperature 115
28. Vertical stability 120
29. Partial derivatives of the speed of sound 124
CHAPTER 5. THE T-S DIAGRAM AND ITS PROPERTIES 130
30. The representation of the process of mixing on the T-S diagram 130
31. T-S curves of the waters‘of the ocean 135
32. The line integral in the T-S plane 138
33. The T-S diagram in the light of the theory of a plane field 141
34. Basic characteristics of the T-S surve . Conservation of form 148
35. The calculation of the line integral along the T-S curve 151
36. The real and the linearized isopycnic fields . Contraction on mixing 155
37. The transformation of coordinates on the T-S plane 161
38. The function of the density flux in oceanographic T-S analysis 165
CHAPTER 6. ANALYTICALTHEORIES OF T-S CURVES 170
39. Formulating the theoretical problems 170
40. The theory of T-S curves for an ocean of infinite and semi-infinite depth 181
41. Mixing of two water masses in an ocean of infinite depth 192
42. The mixing of three water masses in an ocean of infinite depth 205
43. The mixing of two water masses in an ocean of semi-infinite depth 217
44. The mixing of three water masses in an ocean of semi-infinite depth 222
45. A simplified theory of T-S curves for an ocean of finite depth 226
46. Some problems of thermohaline convection . An analogy: the problem of the growth and decay of an ice sheet in the sea 239
47. The determination of the coefficient of mixing from T-S curves (Jacobsen's method) 250
CHAPTER 7. METHOD OF T-S ANALYSIS 258
48. Types of T-S relationships of the waters of the ocean 258
49. Water masses and thermohaline indexes 261
50. Analysisof water masses using T-S-z curves 263
51. Determination of percentage content of water masses 266
52. Typification of T-S-z curves 269
53. Special features of T-S analysis in regions of horizontal inter- action of water masses 276
54. The mixing of four water masses of the ocean 282
55. Contraction on vertical mixing of water masses triangles of contraction on mixing
56. Contraction on horizontal mixing of water masses 297
57. Contraction on mixing of four water masses 300
58. Statistical T-S analysis 306
CHAPTER 8. WATERS OF THE WORLD OCEAN 316
59. Generalized T-S relations of the waters of the ocean 316
60. The classification of water masses 324
61. The transformation of tropospheric waters 329
62. The transformation of the cores of water masses 335
63. Some special features of the transformation of intermediate water masses 339
Conclusion 346
Appendix 352
References 366
Selected List of Recent Publication* 378
Index 380