Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 34 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Chapter 1. Chaotic Mixing in the Earth’s Mantle 8
1. Introduction 8
2. Isotopic Observations and Systematics 9
3. Models of Mantle Convection 17
4. Viscosity and Density Variations in the Mantle 19
5. Convective Mixing 21
6. Chaotic Mixing in the Mantle 25
7. Future Directions 33
8. Conclusions 34
References 35
Chapter 2. Seismology and Space-Based Geodesy 42
1. Introduction 42
2. Seismological Measurements of Displacement 44
3. Fault Models and Surface Deformation 51
4. Spectrum of Crustal Strain Rates 59
5. Simultaneous Inversion of Seismic and Geodetic Data 67
6. Space-Based Geodetic Techniques 70
7. Geodetic Constraints on Large-Scale Seismological Problems 75
8. Continuously Operating GPS Networks 79
9. Conclusions 89
References 90
Chapter 3. Observational Aspects of the Low-Frequency lntraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere in Middle Latitudes 100
1. Introduction 100
2. Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Variability 102
3. Observational Characterization of Seasonal Quasi-Stationary Disturbances in the Atmosphere 107
4. Generation and Maintenance of the Seasonal Quasi-Stationary Disturbances 122
5. Low-Frequency Intraseasonal Variability in Middle Latitudes: Introduction 129
6. The Grosswetterlagen Approach to LFV 135
7. The General Circulation Approach to LFV 150
8. Diagnostic Evidence of LFV in Atmospheric General Circulation Models 162
9. Discussion 165
10. Theories of Low-Frequency Intraseasonal Variability 167
References 174
Chapter 4. Inverse Problems Related to Light Scattering in the Atmosphere and Ocean 182
1. Introduction 182
2. General Formulation of the Problem 184
3. The Restricted Problem 194
4. Method of Small Angles 210
5. Spectral Transparency Method 223
6. Method of the Total Scattering Function 239
7. Conclusions 244
References 250
Index 260