Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 10 4
Copyright Page 5
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
Contents 10
Chapter 1. Atlantic Air-Sea Interaction 16
1. Introduction 16
2. The Pure Wind Drift of the Water near the Ocean Surface 17
3. The Geostrophic Ocean Currents 19
4. The Oceanic Heat Budget 23
5. The Local Heat Balance of the North Atlantic Ocean 24
6. Correlation of Sea Temperature and Strength of the Westerlies between the Azores and Iceland 33
7. Maps of Short Trends of Change of the North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures and the Related Change of the Atmospheric Circulation 36
8. The Long Trend of Cooling North of 50°N from the 1890's to the Early 1920's 46
9. The Trend of Warming after the Early 1920's, and Superimposed Short-Period Fluctuations 53
10. Summarization of the Variations of Sea Temperature in the Belt of Westerlies 64
11. The Chronology of Atlantic Temperature Variations between 30°N and 30°s 66
12. The Trans-Equatorial Heat Exchange 77
13. Atmospheric and Oceanic Temperature Anomalies Around 1800 A.D. 82
14. The Role of the Atlantic for the Meridional Heat Flux in the Northern Hemisphere 90
15. Conclusion 93
Acknowledgments 95
List of Symbols 95
References 96
Chapter 2. The Optical Spectrum of Lightning 98
1. Introduction 98
2. Generation and Forms of Lightning 98
3. Lightning Spectroscopy 99
4. The Temperature of Lightning 110
Acknowledgments 112
References 112
Chapter 3. Scattered Radiation in the Atmosphere and the Natural Aerosol 114
1. Introduction 116
2. The Aerosol 120
3. Main Light Scattering Parameters and Basic Computations According to the Mie Theory 132
4. Computations of Light Scattering Properties of a Unit Volume of Air for Various Model Aerosols 152
5. Measured Light Scattering Properties of a Unit Volume of Air Compared to Computational Results 183
6. Measurements and Calculations of Intensity and Polarization of Sky Radiation 217
7. Conclusions 256
8. Appendix to Section 3. Main Parameters of Scattered Radiation with Regard to Aerosol Size Distribution 257
Acknowledgments 271
List of Symbols 271
References 272
Chapter 4. Tensor Calculus in Atmospheric Mechanics 276
1. Introduction 277
2. World Tensors and Instantaneous Tensors 278
3. Internal Kinematics of a Deformable Body 289
4. Kinematics of a Motion 293
5. The Atmosphere and Its Motion 302
6. Balance Equations 308
7. Averaging Processes 316
8. Anholonomic Coordinates 319
9. Special Coordinate Systems 323
List of Symbols 327
References 329
Chapter 5. Advances in Radar Meteorology 332
1. Introduction 333
2. Quantitative Measurements 336
3. Reflectivity and Attenuation of Atmospheric Particles 352
4. Radar Measurements of Precipitation 396
5. The Measurement of Storm Dimensions 402
6. Signal Fluctuations and Doppler Radar 408
7. Instrumentation for Data Processing, Display, and Transmission 439
8. “Angel” Echoes 447
9. Summary 472
Acknowledgments 477
List of Symbols 477
References 483
Author Index 494
Subject Index 499