Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 9 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
Chapter 1. The Focal Mechanism of Earthquakes 14
1. Introduction 14
2. The Direction of Faulting Inferred from the First Motion of P 16
3. Representation of Foci by Mathematical Models 33
4. The Use of S Waves in Focal Mechanism Studies 38
5. Other Recent Developments 52
6. Significance of Results 67
7. Concluding Remarks 83
Acknowledgments 83
List of Symbols 83
References 84
Chapter 2. Properties and Processes at the Earth's Surface in Relation to the General Circulation of the Atmosphere 90
1. Introduction 90
2. The General Circulation as a Budgetary Exercise 91
3. Momentum Budget and Exchange 93
5. Patterns of Surface Transfer 100
6. Utilization of Patterns of Flux 103
List of Symbols 107
References 107
Chapter 4. Effects of Trapped Particles on the Geomagnetic Field 144
1. Introduction 145
2. Trapped Particle Motion in a Dipole Field 148
3. Calculation of Magnetic Field Perturbations 155
4. Comparison with Experimental Results 179
5. Decay of a Ring Current 182
Appendix I. Diamagnetic Toroid 186
Appendix II. Self-consistent Field 191
Appendix III. Mathematical Appendix 192
Appendix IV. Liouville’s Theorem and the Geomagnetic Field 196
Acknowledgments 199
List of Symbols 199
References 201
Chapter 5. Celestial Geodesy 204
1. Introduction 205
2. Orbit Analysis 206
3. Geometrical Considerations and Error Analysis 254
4. Rocket and Artificial Satellite Techniques 265
5. Lunar Techniques 282
6. Combination of Celestial and Terrestrial Geodesy 284
7. Geophysical Implications 288
Acknowledgments 290
List of Symbols 290
References 294
Chapter 6. The Problem of the Mantle-Crust Mix: Lateral lnhomogeneity in the Uppermost Part of the Earth’s Mantle 308
1. Introduction 309
2. Definitions 310
3. Velocity Considerations 312
4. Statement of the Problem 316
5. Summary of Data 319
6. Mid-oceanic Ridge System 321
7. Island Arcs 328
8. Continents 333
9. A Suggested Model for the Active Tectonic Belts 345
10. Evidence for Convection Currents 347
11. Example of Model 348
12. Other Implications of the Model 350
13. Problems Concerning the Mohorovicic Discontinuity 358
14. Abrupt or Gradational Boundary 359
15. Depth of Isostatic Compensation 360
16. Area of Mantle-Crust Mix 360
17. Summary 361
Acknowledgments 363
References 363
Author Index 374
Subject Index 384