Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 11
Acknowledgements 15
Publisher's Credits 16
Part I: Basic Concepts 20
Chapter 1. Composition, Structure, and State 20
1.1 Composition of the Atmosphere 22
1.2 Composition of the Ocean 24
1.3 Pressure 25
1.4 Density 27
1.5 Temperature 29
1.6 Kinetic-Molecular Model of the Ideal Gas 32
1.7 Equation of State for Air 37
1.8 Equation of State for Seawater 40
1.9 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients 42
1.10 Hydrostatic Equilibrium 45
Notes 51
Problems 51
Chapter 2. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 54
2.1 Work 54
2.2 Heat 57
2.3 First Law 58
2.4 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases 63
2.5 Entropy 67
2.6 Second Law 71
2.7 Equilibrium and the Combined First and Second Laws 74
2.8 Calculation of Thermodynamic Relations 76
2.9 Heat Capacity 78
2.10 Dry Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere 84
2.11 Adiabatic Processes in the Ocean 87
Notes 90
Problems 90
Chapter 3. Transfer Processes 93
3.1 Time-dependent Thermodynamics 93
3.2 Radiant Energy 95
3.3 Radiative Transfer 100
3.4 Diffusive Transfer Processes 104
3.5 Turbulence and Turbulent Transport 108
3.6 Time-dependent Equations for the Ocean and Atmosphere 111
Notes 113
Problems 113
Chapter 4. Thermodynamics of Water 115
4.1 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water 115
4.2 Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom 119
4.3 Phase Equilibria 123
4.4 Atmospheric Humidity Variables 131
4.5 Colligative Properties of Water Solutions 134
4.6 Simple Eutectics 142
Notes 145
Problems 146
Chapter 5. Nucleation and Diffusional Growth 148
5.1 Surface Tension 148
5.2 Nucleation of the Liquid Phase 150
5.3 Nucleation of the Ice Phase 159
5.4 Diffusional Growth of Cloud Drops 161
5.5 Ice Crystal Morphology and Growth 168
5.6 Formation of the Initial Sea Ice Cover 170
5.7 Formation of Sea Ice Transition and Columnar Zones 173
Notes 175
Problems 175
Part II: Applications 178
Chapter 6. Moist Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere 178
6.1 Combined First and Second Laws 179
6.2 Isobaric Cooling 182
6.3 Cooling and Moistening by Evaporation of Water 187
6.4 Saturation by Adiabatic, Isobaric Mixing 189
6.5 Saturated Adiabatic Cooling 191
6.6 The Ice Phase 198
6.7 Conserved Moist Thermodynamic Variables 200
6.8 Aerological Diagrams 204
Notes 208
Problems 208
Chapter 7. Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean 210
7.1 Stability Criteria 210
7.2 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere 215
7.3 Processes Producing Changes in Stability 219
Notes 223
Problems 223
Chapter 8. Cloud Characteristics and Processes 225
8.1 Cloud Classification and Characteristics 226
8.2 Precipitation Processes 228
8.3 Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere 239
8.4 Fogs, Stratus Clouds, and Stratocumulus Clouds 249
8.5 Cumuliform Clouds 255
8.6 Parameterization of Cloud Microphysical Processes 260
Notes 263
Problems 264
Chapter 9. Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater 266
9.1 Ocean Surface Energy Budget 266
9.2 Ocean Surface Salinity Budget 276
9.3 Ocean Surface Buoyancy Flux 279
9.4 Air Mass and Upper Water Mass Modification 281
Notes 284
Problems 284
Chapter 10. Sea Ice, Snow and Glaciers 286
10.1 Large-scale Morphology of Sea Ice 286
10.2 Ice Thickness Distribution 290
10.3 Evolution of the Salinity Profile in Sea Ice 292
10.4 Thermal Properties of Sea Ice 295
10.5 Optical Properties of Sea Ice and Snow 298
10.6 Surface Energy Balance over Snow and Sea Ice 301
10.7 Growth and Decay of Sea Ice 304
10.8 Metamorphosis of Surface Snow 310
10.9 Glaciers 312
Notes 315
Problems 316
Chapter 11. Thermohaline Processes in the Ocean 318
11.1 Radiative Transfer in the Ocean 318
11.2 Skin Temperature and the Diffusive Surface Layer 320
11.3 Surface Density Changes and the Ocean Mixed Layer 321
11.4 Instability and Mixing in the Ocean Interior 328
11.5 Oceanic Convection and Deep Water Formation 337
11.6 Global Thermohaline Circulations 343
Notes 348
Problems 348
Part III: Special Topics 350
Chapter 12. Global Energy and Entropy Balances 350
12.1 Planetary Radiation Balance 350
12.2 Global Heat Engine 356
12.3 Entropy and Climate 361
12.4 Global Hydrologic Cycle 366
Notes 368
Problems 368
Chapter 13. Thermodynamic Feedbacks in the Climate System 370
13.1 Introduction to Feedback and Control Systems 371
13.2 Radiation Climate Sensitivity and Feedbacks 373
13.3 Water Vapor Feedback 377
13.4 Cloud-radiation Feedback 385
13.5 Snow/Ice-albedo Feedback 393
13.6 Thermodynamic Control of the Tropical Ocean Warm Pool 397
13.7 High-latitude Ocean Feedbacks 402
Notes 404
Chapter 14. Planetary Atmospheres 405
14.1 Atmospheric Composition and Mass 405
14.2 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres 412
14.3 Planetary Energy Balance 422
14.4 Water on the Terrestrial Planets 430
14.5 Cloud Physics of the Terrestrial Planets 436
14.6 Cloud Physics of the Jovian Planets 437
14.7 Surface Ice 441
Notes 443
Problems 443
Appendices 444
A. Notation 444
B. Physical Constants 456
C. Units and Their SI Equivalents 458
D. Atmospheric Humidity Tables 459
E. Atmospheric Thermodynamic Chart 461
F. Properties of Seawater 463
Answers to Selected Problems 465
References 469
Index 475
International Geophysics Series 488