Petroleum Rock Mechanics (eBook)

Cover 1
Petroleum Rockmechanics 2
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Preface 14
Acknowledgements 16
About The Authors 18
List Of Symbols 22
PART ONE - Fundamentals of Solid Mechanics 28
Chapter - 1 - Stress/Strain Definitions and•Components 30
General Concept 30
Definition of Stress 31
Stress Components 32
Definition of Strain 34
Strain Components 35
Chapter - 2 - Stress and Strain Transformation 40
Introduction 40
Transformation Principles 40
Two-Dimensional Stress Transformation 42
Stress Transformation in Space 45
Tensor of Stress Components 48
Strain Transformation in Space 49
Chapter - 3 - Principal and Deviatoric Stresses and Strains 54
Introduction 54
Principal Stresses 54
Average and Deviatoric Stresses 56
General Interpretation of Principal Stresses 57
Two-Dimensional Stress Analysis 59
Properties of Strain 62
Chapter - 4 - Theory of Elasticity 68
Introduction 68
Materials Behavior 68
Hooke's Law 70
Hooke's Law in Shear 70
Analysis of Structures 71
Theory of Inelasticity 72
Constitutive Relation for Rocks 72
Chapter - 5 - Failure Criteria 80
Introduction 80
Failure Criteria for Rock Materials 80
The Von Mises Failure Criterion 81
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion 81
The Griffith Failure Criterion 84
Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion 84
Druker-Prager Failure Criterion 85
Mogi-Coulomb Failure Criterion 85
PART TWO - Petroleum Rock Mechanics 90
Chapter - 6 - Introduction to Petroleum Rock•Mechanics 92
Introduction 92
Definition and Classification of Rocks 92
Petroleum Rock Mechanics 94
Why Study Stress in Rocks? 99
Units of Measurement 101
Chapter - 7 -Porous Rocks and Effective Stresses 104
Introduction 104
Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity 104
Anisotropic Rocks, Transversal Isotropy 106
Porous Rock 122
Formation Pore Pressure 124
Effective Stress 124
Formation Porosity and Permeability 127
Chapter - 9 - In& hyphen
Introduction 134
Definitions 135
In& hyphen
Measurement and Estimation of In& hyphen
Probabilistic Analysis of Stress Data 141
Bounds on In& hyphen
Stress Directions from Fracture Traces 147
Chapter - 9 - Rock Strength and Rock Failure 158
Introduction 158
Strength of Rock Material 158
Empirical Correlations 159
Formation Fracture Gradient 161
Rock Tensile Strength 169
Rock Shear Strength 171
Chapter - 10 - Stresses Around A Wellbore 178
Introduction 178
State of Stresses Around a Wellbore 178
Properties of Rock Formation Around a’Wellbore 180
Equations Governing Stress Analysis 181
Analysis of Stresses Around a Wellbore 185
Isotropic Solution 189
Anisotropic Solution 191
Chapter - 11 - Wellbore Instability Analysis 200
Introduction 200
Analysis Procedure 201
Wellbore Fracturing Pressure 204
Wellbore Collapse Pressure 207
Instability Analysis of Multi-lateral Boreholes 210
Instability Analysis of Adjacent Boreholes 218
Instability Analysis of Underbalanced Drilling 223
Shallow Fracturing 227
General Fracturing Model 230
Compaction Analysis for High-Pressure, High-Temperature Reservoirs 237
Breakthrough of a Relief Well into’a’Blowing Well 243
Fracture Model for Load History and’Temperature 250
Effects of Flow Induced Stresses 256
Sand Production Modeling 260
Chapter - 12 - Wellbore Instability Analysis•Using Inversion Technique 284
Introduction 284
Definitions 284
The Inversion Technique 284
Geological Aspects 287
Analysis Constraints 288
Inversion from Fracture Data and Image Logs 290
Chapter - 13 - Wellbore Instability Analysis Using Quantitative Risk Assessment 302
13.1 Introduction 302
13.2 Deterministic Analysis versus Probabilistic’Assessment 302
Why Probabilistic Assessment? 303
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) 304
Quantitative Risk Assessment of’Underbalanced Drilling 311
Chapter - 14 - The Effect of Mud Losses on•Wellbore Stability 324
Introduction 324
Mud Losses During Drilling 324
Interpretation of the Leak-Off Tests 333
Future Developments for Wellbore Stability 341
References 346
Appendix - A - Mechanical Properties of•Rocks 350
Appendix - B -The Poisson's Ratio Effect 354
Appendix - C - Model for the Stress Bridge 358
Appendix - D - Glossary Of Terms 362
Index 370