Pediatric Infectious Diseases Revisited (eBook)

Contents 6
List of contributors 8
Preface 10
Glossary 11
Global control of infectious diseases by vaccination programs 15
Abstract 15
Introduction 16
Immunization policies and strategies 19
Current status, remaining problems, and progress achieved 28
Brief updates on priority current, under-used and new vaccines 35
References 49
Abstract 56
Introduction 56
Potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on the mortality of children in developing countries 56
Burden of rotavirus disease 57
Epidemiology of rotavirus in young children 58
Characteristics of rotavirus important for vaccine development 60
Pathogenesis and clinical presentation 62
Immunity against rotavirus infection 62
Rotavirus vaccine development 64
Challenges to rotavirus vaccine development 71
References 74
Controversially discussed indications for immunization 83
Abstract 83
Introduction 83
Immunization is safe and one of the most effective disease prevention measures 84
Indications for the immunization of selected risk groups 95
Contraindications and false contraindications 103
References 105
Gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum: Historic impact of Credé’s eye prophylaxis 107
Abstract 107
The endangered eyesight 108
Carl Siegmund Franz Credé, introducer of the antiseptic eye prophylaxis with silver nitrate 108
“Prevention of Inflammatory eye disease in the newborn. Information from the Maternity Clinic Leipzig by Credé” [22] 110
Ludwig Sigesmund Albert Neisser and insights into etiology and pathophysiology of gonorrhea at Credé’s time 115
Discussion of Credé’s activities and his “four publications with the same title” 117
Credé’s prophylaxis today 118
Some confusion about Carl Credé? 119
Addendum 120
References 124
Malnutrition and infection in industrialized countries 128
Abstract 128
Introduction 128
Pathophysiology of malnutrition 129
Immune dysfunction and malnutrition 132
Specific micronutrient deficiencies 135
Malnutrition syndromes of childhood 136
Chronic infection 142
References 145
Better education through improved health and nutrition: implications for early childhood development programs in developing countries 155
Abstract 155
Introduction 155
Health and nutrition problems in preschool children 156
Impact of health and nutrition on school readiness 156
Programmatic responses 174
Interventions: What works? 174
Health or education interventions: Targeting disease or symptoms? 178
Promoting equity through preschool health interventions 179
Conclusions 179
References 180
Early childhood caries and childhood periodontal diseases 187
Abstract 187
Introduction 187
Early childhood caries 188
Childhood periodontal diseases 194
References 203
Role of the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis 208
Abstract 208
Introduction 208
Bacterial meningitis 209
The pathogenetic cascade 210
The blood-CNS barriers 212
Gateways into the brain 215
Experimental models for blood-CNS-barrier observations 219
Microbial translocation across the blood-CNS barrier 222
Interactions between bacteria and blood-CNS barrier cells 224
BBB disruption and pleocytosis 228
Immunological properties of the blood-CNS barrier 229
Conclusion 233
References 233
The molecular basis of paediatric malarial disease 247
Abstract 247
Introduction 247
Severe malaria in children compared to adults 249
How might P. falciparum cause this complex disease? 250
Metabolic acidosis in falciparum malaria 257
Neurological involvement in malaria 259
Red cell abnormalities and malaria 264
Potential therapies directed at disease mechanisms 265
References 267
Epidemiology and etiology of Kawasaki disease 281
Abstract 281
Introduction 281
Diagnostic criteria and diagnostic approach 282
Epidemiology 282
Pathology 289
Etiology 293
References 295
Helicobacter pylori infection in children 304
Abstract 304
Introduction 304
Epidemiology 305
Pathogenesis 305
Clinical presentation 306
Helicobacter pylori and abdominal pain 308
H. pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease 309
Extragastric manifestations of H. pylori infection in children 309
Refractory iron-deficiency and H. pylori infection 309
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia and H. pylori infection 310
Investigations 311
Antibiotic resistance 315
Treatment 315
Conclusion 316
References 316
Human metapneumovirus infection 323
Abstract 323
Background 323
Epidemiology 326
Pathogenesis and host response 329
Diagnosis 336
Clinical characteristics 338
Vaccination 341
Conclusions 344
References 344
Avian influenza viruses: a severe threat of a pandemic in children? 351
Abstract 351
Introduction 351
Influenza virus 352
Pandemic influenza 352
Avian influenza virus 353
Spread of H5N1 influenza in avian populations 354
Epidemiology and clinical features of avian influenza in children 355
Clinical presentation and outcome 357
Diagnosis 359
Treatment 360
Vaccines 361
Summary 363
References 363
Human papillomavirus infections in children 370
Abstract 370
Introduction 370
Biology of the HPV 371
Demographics and epidemiology 372
Natural history 373
Diagnosis of warts 373
Defining wart types 373
Host response (Tab. 3) 379
Host side effects of note 381
Conditions with excessive numbers of warts 382
Malignant conversion of HPV 384
Role of HPV in non-wart skin conditions 385
Differential diagnosis 385
Genital HPV infection 387
Conclusions 389
References 389
New treatments for hepatitis B and C in children and adolescents 396
Abstract 396
Hepatitis B 397
Hepatitis C 403
References 407
Invasive fungal infections in children: advances and perspectives 410
Abstract 410
Introduction 410
Host biology: Aspects unique to pediatric patients 411
Pediatric populations at risk for invasive infections 412
Epidemiology and presentation of invasive fungal infections in pediatric patients 412
Recent advances in early diagnosis and preemptive therapy 421
Pediatric pharmacology of established antifungal agents 422
New agents for treatment and prevention and their pediatric development 436
Selected management issues of invasive fungal infections 447
Conclusions 449
References 450
Pediatric aspects of bioterrorism 478
Abstract 478
Introduction 478
Anthrax 481
Smallpox 485
References 488
Pediatric infectious diseases – Quo vadis 2015? 490
Abstract 490
Introduction 490
Current activities of the pediatric infectious disease specialist 491
New developments for the specialists in pediatric infectious diseases 494
Conclusions 499
References 500
Index 502