Drought Assessment (eBook)

Title Page 2
Copyright Page 3
Preface 4
Table of Contents 7
1 Introduction 10
1.1 Climate Classification 11
1.2 Drought, Famine and Desertification 12
Classification of Drought 18
1.3 Factors Responsible 22
Precipitation 23
Temperature 24
Wind Velocity and Evapo-transpiration 24
Atmospheric Circulation 25
Hemispheric Nature 26
1.4 Effects of Drought 26
Social 27
Environment 28
Agriculture 28
1.5 Drought Forecasting 29
Traditional Knowledge 30
References 34
2 Meteorology 37
2.1 Weather 37
2.2 Tropical Activity 41
Monsoon 42
2.3 Precipitation Type 45
2.4 Weather Forecast 46
Methods 47
Forecast Types 48
2.5 Clouds 50
Cloud Identification 51
Cloud Observation 53
2.6 Cloud Mapping - Satellite 54
Rainfall Estimation 65
Application 71
2.7 Precipitation 72
Spot Measurement and Observation 73
Areal Representation and Network Design 75
2.8 Precipitation Climatology 77
2.9 Rainfall Reliability Wizard 80
References 83
3 Water Resources 86
3.1 Water Scarcity 86
Drying Rivers and Lakes 87
Falling Water Table 87
Climate Variation 89
3.2 Critical Issues in Water Resources 90
Human Activities 91
3.3 Hydrological Process 91
Rainfall-runoff 92
3.4 Water Requiriment 94
3.5 Water Balance under Natural Conditions 95
3.6 Irrigation Water 96
3.7 Ground Water 97
Aquifer 98
Classification 101
Vulnerability 102
Groundwater Exploitation Status Indicators 103
3.8 Water Recharge 108
3.9 Sustainability of Water 109
3.10 Groundwater Supply Systems 110
3.11 Crop Yield and Groundwater Abstrawater Abstraction 111
3.12 Stream Flow Analysis 112
3.13 Water Balance Method 116
3.14 Watershed Analysis 117
3.15 Surface Storage 119
Reservoir 119
3.16 Lakes Cascade Systems 119
Status of Tank Cascade 121
Tank Cascade Assessment 125
References 127
4 Agriculture 130
4.1 Soil 130
Agro-ecological Zone 137
4.2 Soil Water Irrigation 138
4.3 Crop Growth 143
4.4 Crop-water 148
4.5 Crop Irrigation 149
4.6 Water Use Efficiency 152
4.7 Water Stress Situation of Crops 153
Water Quality and Irrigation 156
4.8 Irrigation Management Practice 157
4.9 Soil Water Analysis 161
4.10 Plant Growth Simulation and Drought Event Analysis 162
4.11 Drought Forecasting/Prediction of Events 163
Ranking and Weightages 165
References 166
5 Drought indices 169
5.1 Drought Assessment Parameters 171
5.2 Indices 176
5.3 Meteorological Indicators 177
5.4 Hydrological Indicators 189
5.5 Agricultural Indicators 193
5.6 Sociological Indicators 199
5.7 Environmental indicators 207
5.8 Indicators and Triggers 208
References 212
6 Satellite Remote Sensing 214
6.1 Remote Sensing 214
6.2 Orbital Satellites 217
6.3 Satellte Orbit 220
6.4 Commercial satellite 223
6.5 Sensors and Products 227
6.6 Spectral Data Analysis 233
6.7 Visual Interpretation 233
6.8 Digital Image Processing 236
Pre-processing 236
6.9 Image Enhancement 239
Contrast Enhancement 242
Spatial and Directional Filters 243
Multi-image Manipulation - Arithmetic Operation 246
Principal Components and Canonical Analysis 247
Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) Colour Space Transformation 249
6.10 Image Classification 249
Unsupervised Classification 251
Supervised Classification 254
6.11 Post Classification Processes 256
Classification Accuracy 256
6.12 Multi-sensor Data Merging 257
Change Detection Procedures 257
Data Fusion 257
6.13 Indices for Drought Analysis 260
Vegetation Indices 260
Thermal Brightness 265
Albedo Index 265
Evapotranspiration Estimation 266
6.14 Temporal Analysis 268
References 272
7 Spatial Data and Geographical Information System 274
7.1 Geographic Information System 274
7.2 Spatial Data 278
Spatial Data Type 278
7.3 Thematic Map 279
Map Charateristics 280
Map Projections 280
Location Information 282
7.4 Data Conversion 283
Presentation of Information 285
7.5 Data Models 285
Vector and Raster Model 285
Spaghetti Model 287
Geo-relational Model 287
7.6 Attributes of Data 288
Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) 289
7.7 Spatial Data Transformation 290
Conversion of Points 291
Interpolation Method 293
Triangulation Method 293
Inverse Distance Weighing 293
Dialation of Spatial Objects 293
7.8 Data Analysis 294
Database Query 294
Buffer Operation 294
Digital Terrain model 295
DEM Generation 297
Interpolation Methods 298
Network Analysis 299
Overlay 299
7.9 Modelling 302
Weighing and Rating 302
Interpolation 303
Map Modelling with Attribute Tables 304
7.10 Web-based GIS 306
7.11 Creation of Spatial Data Base in Kolar, India 310
7.12 Decision Support System 321
7.13 Alert System 322
Drought Alert Information System (DAIS) 324
References 328
8 Vulnerability Assessment 329
8.1 Drought Assessment 329
Australia 336
New Zealand 339
United States of America 339
China 343
South Africa 343
Portugal 343
8.2 Vulnerability 344
8.3 Vulnerability Analysis 349
Ranking and Weightage 350
8.4 Vulnerability of Water Supply System 357
8.5 Risk 358
8.6 Drought Scenario 362
8.7 Decision-making 364
8.8 Contingency Drought Plans 367
Crop Insurance 369
References 371
9 Resources, Drought Events and Management Proffile of Countries 373
9.1 Africa 373
9.2 Tropical Countries 379
Afghanistan 379
Autralia 381
Bangladesh 389
Iran 392
Jordan 393
Pakistan 396
9.3 Non-tropical Countries 399
Canada 399
China 402
European Union 411
United States of America 417
Russia and USSR 426
9.4 Water Politics 427
9.5 Drought Strategies 428
References 430
Index 433