Nanoparticles in medicine and environment (eBook)

187900_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF 1
187900_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF 11
Chapter Chapter 1: The Origin and Production of Nanoparticles in Environment and Industry 11
Introduction 11
Particulate Matter (PM10), Sources and Composition 12
Particles from Diesel Engines 15
Partilces from Other Combustion Sources 18
Spark Ignition Engines 18
Wood Combustion 18
Waste Incineration 20
Boilers and Furnaces 21
Noncombustion Particles 21
Occupational Exposition 22
Nanoparticles in Ambient Air 24
Conclusions 25
References 25
187900_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF 28
Chapter Chapter 2: Characterization of Combustion and Engine Exhaust Particles 28
Introduction 28
How Sampling Impacts PM Measurement 30
Conventional Approach - Dilution Tunnels 31
Direct Sampling Methods 32
Particles Formed by Combustion 33
Size and Morphology 34
Effective Density 35
Nuclei Mode Characterization 38
Particle Volatility 39
Particle Electrical Charge 41
Discussion and Conclusion 43
References 44
187900_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF 47
Chapter Chapter 3: Medicine Nanoparticle Production by EHDA 47
Introduction 47
Electro Hydrodynamic Atomization and the Production of Nanoparticles 48
Experimental 50
Capillary-Plate Set-Up 50
Aerosol Reactor Set Up 51
Results of Pt Particles Production 53
Medicine Nano- and Micro-Particles Produced with EHDA 53
Slow Release and Low Density Particles 54
Different Shapes 57
Bipolar Coagulation and Carrier Particles 57
Production Equipment 60
Future of EHDA - Out Scaling 62
References 64
187900_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF 66
Chapter Chapter 4: Electrospray and Its Medical Applications 66
Introduction 66
Basics of Single- and Dual-Capillary Electrospray 68
Basics for Single-Capillary ES 68
Dual-Capillary ES 71
Examples of Medical/Biological Applications Using Electrspray 72
Drug Reformulation 72
Nanoparticle Dispersion for Toxicity Study 73
Electrospray Inhaler for Asthma Patient 75
Polymer Coating for the Control of Drug Release Rate 76
Coating of Medical Devices 77
Formation of Nano-Gradient Growth Factor for Guided Neuron Growth 78
Gene Transfection Using the Electrospray Technique 78
Summary 79
References 80
187900_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF 83
Chapter Chapter 5: Generation of Nanoparticles from Vapours in Case of Exhaust Filtration 83
Introduction 83
Detection of Nanoparticles 84
Aerosol Generation Methods 87
Aerosol Formation and the Effect of Filtration 88
Conclusions 92
References 93
187900_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF 96
Chapter Chapter 6: Measurement and Characterization of Aerosol Nanoparticles 96
Introduction 96
Measurement of Particle Size Distribution and Number Concentration 98
Electrostatic Particle Manipulation and Quantification of a Nanoparticle Ensamble 99
Particle Generation and Charge Conditioning 101
Measurement of Particle Surface with Surface Area Monitoring Devices 105
Mass Measurement of Single Aerosol Particles 106
Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (APMA, Mod. APM-10) 109
Grouping of Differential Mobility and Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer 110
Grouping of Differential Mobility Analyzer with Mass Spectrometer 110
Summary 112
References 114
187900_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF 118
Chapter 7: Inhalation and Deposition of Nanoparticles: Fundamentals, Phenomenology and Practical Aspects 118
Introduction 118
Geometry of the Human Respiratory System 118
Upper Airways 118
Nose 119
Oral Cavity Air Passages 119
Airway System of Bronchial Region 120
Pulmonary Region 121
Gas Flow in the Respiratory Tracts 121
Particles 124
Classification of Diffusional Particle Deposition Models 127
Single Particle Trajectory Concept (Lagrangian Approach) 128
Eulerian Approach 130
The Results of Recent Modeling of Nanoparticles Deposition 131
Practical Issues of Ex-vivo Studies of Particle Deposition in Models of Human Airways 134
In Silico and In Vitro Studies of the Extrathoracic Region 135
In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Bronchial Bifurcation 140
In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Pulmonary Region 142
Interaction of Deposited Particles with the Lung Surfactant 142
Conclusions 146
References 147
187900_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF 150
Chapter Chapter 8: Dosimetry of Inhaled Nanoparticles 150
Introduction 150
Methods 151
Macroscopic Methods of Particle Dosimetry 151
Quantitative Nanoparticle Biokinetics 151
Animals and Organ Preparation 152
Ultrastructural Analyses 153
Lung Fixation 153
Recovery of Phagocytic Cells by Bronchoalveolar Lavage 155
Representative Tissue Sampling and Quantitative Morphologic Analysis 155
Morphological Characterization and Elemental Microanalysis of Nanoparticles 158
Nanoparticle Dosimetry 160
Particle Deposition 160
Particle Retention and Relocation Pathways within the Lungs 162
Particle Clearance Towards the Larynx and to Regional Lymph Nodes 163
Airways 163
Alveoli 165
Translocation of Nanoparticles to the Blood and Their Subsequent Accumulation in Secondary Target Organs 167
Experimental Translocation Studies 169
References 172
187900_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF 177
Chapter Chapter 9: Particles of Biomedical Relevance and Their Interactions: A Classical and Quantum Mechanistic Approach to a 177
Introduction 177
Theoretical Approaches 178
Basics of Quantum Chemistry 178
Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics 180
Phenomenological Approaches 181
Selected Theoretical Case-Studies for Systems of Biological Importance 183
Iron-Containing Enzymes 183
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship 185
Miscellaneous Examples of Atomistic Simulation for Biosystems 186
Conclusions 187
References 188
187900_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF 191
Chapter Chapter 10: Health Effects of Nanoparticles (Inhalation) from Medical Point of View/Type of Diseases 191
Introduction 191
Nanoparticle Toxicity 195
Screening for Toxicity 197
Nanoparticles for Therapy 199
References 203
187900_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF 207
Chapter Chapter 11: Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Diesel Exhaust on the Innate Immune Function of the Airway Epithelium 207
Introduction 207
Host Defense Against Infection in the Lung 208
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Role of Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease 210
Modulation of Host Defense 210
Concluding Remarks and Directions for Further Research 212
References 213
187900_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF 215
Chapter Chapter 12: The Potential Harmful and Beneficial Effects of Nanoparticles in Children 215
Introduction 215
Why Are Children Not Small Adults 216
Exposure Differences 216
Differences in Developmental Biology 217
Normal Lung Development 218
The Role of the Placenta 218
Enzyme Systems 219
Repair After Injury 219
Neural Development and Oxidative Stress 220
The Immune System 221
Pre- and Postnatal Exposure 222
Beneficial Aspects of Nanoparticles in Children 224
References 226
187900_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF 231
Chapter Chapter 13: Targeting Drugs to the Lungs - The Example of Insulin 231
Introduction 231
Physical Methods for Aerosol Administration 232
Nebulisers 232
Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI) 233
Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) 234
History of Insulin Inhalation 234
Devices for Insulin Inhalation 235
Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin 236
Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin 244
Safety of Inhaled Insulin 248
Conclusions 249
References 250
187900_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF 254
Chapter Chapter 14: Protection of the Respiratory System Against Nanoparticles Inhalation 254
Introduction 254
Classical Single Fiber Theory 255
Brownian Dynamics Method 258
Filtration of Nanoparticles in Electret Filters 262
Filtration of Fractal-like Nanoaggregates 266
Aerosol Filtration in Nanofibrous Filters 269
Filtration of Nanoparticles in Polydisperse Filters 278
Summary 279
References 280
187900_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF 281
Chapter 15: Overview and Discussion 281
187900_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF 287
: Index 287