Dietary Components and Immune Function (eBook)

Acknowledgments 6
Series Editor Introduction 8
Preface 12
Contents 14
Contributors 18
Abbreviations 26
Section A Development of Human Immune Responses 30
Nutrition, The Infant and the Immune System 31
1.1 THE INFANT IMMUNE SYSTEM 31
1.2 CONTRIBUTION OF BREAST MILK TO HOST DEFENSE OF THE BABY 34
1.3 NUTRITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 37
1.4 STIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY NUTRITIONAL INGREDIENTS 37
1.5 CONTRIBUTION OF INFANT FORMULA TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 44
1.6 Conclusions and perspectives 47
References 47
Breast Milk: Components with Immune Modulating Potential and Their Possible Role in Immune Mediated Disease Resistance 52
2.1 INTRODUCTION 52
2.2 NATURAL DEFENSES THROUGHOUT LIFE 53
2.3 Role of Breastfeding 54
2.4 IMMUNE MODULATION PROPERTIES OF BREAST MILK 54
2.5 ANTI-INFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MILK 56
2.6 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF BREAST MILK 56
2.7 THE ONSET OF ALLERGIES vs. BREAST MILK 56
2.8 DURATION OF BREASTFEEDING 57
2.9 IMMUNE MODULATION CAPACITY OF SPECIFIC COMPONENTS AND EFFECT LATER IN LIFE 58
2.10conclusions and perspectives 65
References 65
Role of Maternal and Infant Malnutrition on the Development of the Inflammatory Response 69
3.1 PROGRAMMING 70
3.2 IMMUNE SYSTEM AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 75
3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND LUNG ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION IN INTRAUTERINE MALNUTRITION 79
3.4 Conclusions and perspectives 82
REFERENCES 82
Nutrition and Immunity in Animal Disease: Lessons from Parasitic Gastroenteritis 89
4.1 INTRODUCTION 89
4.2 EFFECTS OF MACRO- AND MICRO-NUTRIENTS ON IMMUNITY TO PARASITES 91
4.3 CONSEQUENCES OF PLANT SECONDARY COMPOUNDS ON IMMUNE REGULATION 94
4.4conclusions AND PERSPECTIVES 95
REFERENCES 97
Neuroimmunomodulation, Stress– Nutrition Interactions and Diet 101
5.1 INTRODUCTION 101
5.2 STRESS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 102
5.3 NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION AND STRESS 103
5.4 STRESS–NUTRITION INTERACTIONS 104
5.5 DIET EFFECTS ON STRESS-RELATED NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION 105
5.6 CONCLUSIONS AND Perspectives 109
REFERENCES 109
The Intricate Role of Adipokines in Immune- Mediated Diseases 114
6.1 INTRODUCTION 114
6.2 ENERGY BALANCE, IMMUNITY AND DISEASE 115
6.3 ADIPOKINES: MEDIATORS LINKING IMMUNITY AND NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 116
6.4 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE MODELS 122
6.5 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS 123
6.6 ROLE OF ADIPOKINES IN CANCER 124
6.7 ADIPOKINES AND IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES 125
6.8 OBESITY, ADIPOKINES, AND KIDNEY DISEASES 126
6.9 THE ROLE OF ADIPOKINES IN TRANSPLANT TOLERANCE AND REJECTION 127
6.10 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives 130
REFERENCES 130
Obesity and Immune Functions 136
7.1 INTRODUCTION 136
7.2 ADIPOSE TISSUE AND IMMUNE CELL INTERACTIONS 137
7.3 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE ANIMAL MODELS 142
7.4 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE HUMANS 144
7.5 OBESITY AND IMMUNE RELATED DISEASES (FIG. 7.1) 145
7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 148
References 148
Section B Nutrients and Immunomodulation 154
Host Immune Resistance and Dietary Lipids 155
8.1 INTRODUCTION 155
8.2 TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS AND LIPID MEDIATORS 157
8.3 FATTY ACIDS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS: PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF IMMUNOMODULATION 158
8.4 DIETARY LIPIDS AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIOUS MICROORGANISMS 163
8.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 173
REFERENCES 173
Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Immunomodulators in Disease 178
9.1 INTRODUCTION 178
9.2 DIETARY POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, NOMENCLATURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND SOURCE 178
9.3 MECHANISM OF ACTION AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LCPUFA 180
9.4 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 183
9.5 LCPUFA and Immune Function in Early Life 186
9.6 LCPUFA: Immunosupresive Effects ? 186
9.7 LCPUFA and Allergy 187
9.8 LCPUFA and Infection in High-Risk Patients 188
9.9 LCPUFA and Immune Disease (IBD, Rheumatologic , Skin…) 189
9.10conclusions and Perspecti ves 190
REFERENCES 191
Immunomodulation by Fish Oil Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cancer 196
10.1 INTRODUCTION 196
10.2 BIOLOGY Of UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: ACIDS: 3 AND AND 6 FA 197
10.3 10.3 3 AND AND 6 FA PUFAs ARE COMPETITIVE SOURCES FOR LIPID MEDIATOR GENERATION 199
10.4 MODULATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE By By 3 FATTY ACIDS 200
10.5 EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON IMMUNE CELL FUNCTIONS 201
10.6 EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 FA ON THE COX-PATHWAY, TUMOR GROWTH, AND ANGIOGENESIS 203
10.7 MODULATION Of THE COX/PGE2-PATHWAYBY POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 203
10.8 COX-INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS of TUMORGROWTH ATTENUATION BY .-3 FA 204
10.9 ROLE OF PPARs IN TUMORIGENESIS: IMPACT OF OF 3 FA 205
10.10 SYNERGISM of of 3 FA WITH ANTINEOPLASTIC RADIO- AND CHEMOTHERAPY 208
10.11 EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES ON CANCER PREVENTION BY NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL 3 FA 209
10.12 EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL 3 FA SUPPLEMENTATION ON CANCER CACHEXIA AND DISEASE PROGRESSION 210
10.13conclusions AND PERSPECTIVES 210
REFERENCES 211
Brain Innate Immune System and Its Modulation by Diet: The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 219
11.1 INTRODUCTION 219
11.2 THE BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 221
11.3 CONSEQUENCE TO THE ACTIVATION OF BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM: FROM SICKNESS Behavio R TO DEPRESSION 224
11.4 BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE AGING BRAIN 227
11.5 INFLUENCE OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID ON BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 228
11.6 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives 230
REFERENCES 231
Immunomodulatory Potential of Conjugated Linolenic Acid 238
12.1 INTRODUCTION 238
12.2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF CLA 240
12.3 IMMUNOMODULATORY POTENTIALS OF CLA 241
12.4 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 244
References 245
Vitamins and Minerals: Contribution to Immune Function and Health 248
13.1 INTRODUCTION 248
13.2 MICRONUTRIENTS, CHRONIC DISEASES, AND INFECTIONS 249
13.3 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NEEDS MICRONUTRIENTS 253
13.4 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives 265
REFERENCES 266
Trace Elements and Immune Function 274
14.1 INTRODUCTION 274
14.2 COPPER 275
14.3 IRON 276
14.4 SELENIUM 278
14.5 ZINC 279
14.6 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives 280
REFERENCES 281
Vitamin Supplements and Disease Resistance in HIV- Infected Women and Children 284
15.1 INTRODUCTION 284
15.2 VITAMINS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION IN HIV- INFECTED WOMEN 285
15.3 VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION AND CHILD HEALTH 290
15.4 VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS RECEIVING ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT 294
15.5 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives 297
REFERENCES 297
Section C Nutriceuticals and Immune-mediated Cancer Therapy 301
Fruit, Vegetables, and Extracts: Role in Cancer Prevention 302
16.1 INTRODUCTION 302
16.2 EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED TO STUDY PHYTOCHEMICALS AND IMMUNITY 303
16.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER AND FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 304
16.4 GENERAL IMMUNITY 304
16.5 T CELLS AND CANCER 305
16.6 T CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATION: IMPACT OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 306
16.7 T CELLS AND PRIMING: IMPACT OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 306
16.8 INFLAMMATION’S ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS 310
16.9 T CELLS AND INFLAMMATION 310
16.10 conclusions and perspectives 310
REFERENCES 311
Lactoferrin in Immune Function, Cancer and Disease Resistance 315
17.1 ENDOGENOUS LACTOFERRIN 315
17.2 LACTOFERRIN SUPPLEMENTS 317
17.3 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LACTOFERRIN 319
17.4 CONCLUSIONs and perspecti ves 327
References 327
Plant-Derived Anticancer Agents Used in Western and Oriental Medicine 335
18.1 INTRODUCTION 335
18.2 ANTICANCER AGENTS IN WESTERN MEDICINE 336
18.3 ANTICANCER AGENTS IN ORIENTAL MEDICINE 339
18.4 IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS IN TCM 343
18.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 346
References 347
The Immunological Modulation of Fuzheng TCM Herbs in Cancer Treatment 352
19.1 Introduction 352
19.2R EINFORC ING HEALTHY Qi AND REPLENISHING ARC HAEUS IS AN IMPORT ANT PRINCIPLE OF IMMUNOREGULATION THERAPY IN CANCER TREATMENT BY TC M 353
19.3T HE REVIEW OF THE IMMUNE REGULATION OF FZ CHINESE MEDICINE IN CANCER TREATMENT 355
19.4 conclusions and PeRsPECTiveS 364
References 364
Section D Dietary Components: Allergy and Asthma 368
Role of Dietary Components in the Epidemic of Allergic Disease 369
20.1 INTRODUCTION 370
20.2 EVENTS LEADING TO IMMUNE TOLERANCE 370
20.3 EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC DIETARY FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE, IMMUNE REGULATION AND THE PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASE 372
20.4 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR “ INDIVIDUALized” INTERVENTIONS 380
20.5 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives 380
References 381
Feeding in the First Month of Life and Prevention of Allergy 387
21.1 GENETICS PLUS ENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTE TO ALLERGY 388
21.2 MATERNAL DIET DURING PREGNANCY 389
21.3 ROLE OF HUMAN MILK AND BREASTFEEDING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DISEASE 390
21.4 EFFICIENCY OF HYDROLYZED FORMULA ON PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DISEASE 393
21.5 ROLE OF IMMUNE-MODULATING MICRONUTRIENTS 395
21.6 ROLE OF INTRODUCTION OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS ON ATOPIC DISEASE 396
21.7 ROLE OF INTESTINAL MICROFLORA IN INFANCY AND RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA IN PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASES 396
21.8 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives 397
References 397
In Vitro and In Vivo Immunomodulatory and Anti-allergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Murill 403
22.1 INTRODUCTION 403
22.2 EFFECTS OF ABM EXTRACT ON POPULATION OF LYMPHOCYTE T- CELL SUBSETS IN C3H/ HE 405
22.3 INHIBITION EFFECTS OF ABM EXTRACT ON COMPOUND 48/ 80- INDUCED SYSTEMIC ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION 406
22.4 INHIBITION EFFECTS OF ABM EXTRACT ON DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS- LIKE SKIN LESION INDUCED BY PICRYL CHLORIDE ( PiCl) IN NC/ NGA 407
22.5conclusions and prespectives 407
References 408
Section E Botanical Extracts and Bioactive Foods 411
Resveratrol and Bioactive Flavonoids in Immune Function 412
23.1 INTRODUCTION 412
23.2 IMMUNOMODULATING FUNCTIONS OF RESVERATROL 416
23.3 FLAVONOIDS AS IMMUNOMODULATORS 421
23.4 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives 428
REFERENCES 428
Antiviral Activity of Phytochemicals: A Current Perspective 436
24.1 INTRODUCTION 436
24.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIVIRAL PHYTOCHEMICALS 439
24.3 CONCLUSIONS AND perspectives 467
References 472
Cocoa and the Immune System and Proliferative Disorders 484
25.1 INTRODUCTION 485
25.2 EFFECTS OF COCOA ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 487
25.3 ANTIPROLIFERATIVE EFFECTS OF COCOA 495
25.4 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives 502
REFERENCES 502
Maturation and Activation of Dendritic Cells by Botanicals Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Role in Immune Enhancement 512
26.1 INTRODUCTION 512
26.2 BU ZHONG YI QI TANG (OR HOCHU-EKKI-TO) 514
26.3 NON-TCM HERBAL MEDICINE 520
26.4conclu sions and peRspectives 520
References 525
Microalgae and Immune Potential 530
27.1 INTRODUCTION 530
27.2 Spirulina 531
27.3 IMMUNOMODULATION OF MACROPHAGES BY Spirulina 532
27.4 Spirulina AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY 533
27.5 ENHANCED IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION BY Spirulina 535
27.6 Spirulina IN ALLERGY AND RHINITIS 535
27.7 PHYCOCYNANIN FROM Spirulina 536
27.8 Chlorella 537
27.9 Haematococcus 537
REFERENCES 539
Mushrooms: Immunomodulating Activity and Role in Health Promotion 543
28.1 INTRODUCTION 543
28.2 ANTITUMOR AND IMMUNOMODULATING POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE MUSHROOMS 545
28.3 LENTINAN FROM L. Edodes 547
28.4 ANTITUMOR POLYSACCHARIDES FROM G. Frondosa 548
28.5 IMMUNOMODULATING ACTIONS OF P. cornucopiaevar. citrinopileatus, Oyster Mushrooms , And P. nameko 549
28.6 OTHERS 550
28.7 CONCLUSIONs and perspecti ves 551
REFERENCES 552
Immunological Functions of Polysaccharides from Soy Sauce 554
29.1 INTRODUCTION 554
29.2 BREWING OF JAPANESE SOY SAUCE 555
29.3 POLYSACCHARIDES FROM SOY SAUCE 555
29.4 ANTIALLERGIC ACTIVITY OF SPS 556
29.5 IMMUNOMODULATING ACTIVITIES OF SPS 557
29.6 STIMULATORY EFFECT OF SPS ON INTESTINAL IMMUNE SYSTEM 558
29.7 CLINICAL STUDIES ON SPS 559
29.8 IMPROVEMENT OF ALLERGIC SYMPTOMS OF PATIENTS WITH PAR 559
29.9 IMPROVEMENT OF ALLERGIC SYMPTOMS OF PATIENTS WITH SAR 560
29.10 CONCLUSIONs and prespectives 560
REFERENCES 561
Cinnamon and Immune Actions: Potential Role in Tristetraprolin- Mediated Inflammatory Diseases 566
30.1 INTRODUCTION 566
30.2 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 567
30.3 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS A ZINC-DEPENDENT mRNA BINDING AND DESTABILIZING PROTEIN 567
30.4 TTP IS A LOW-ABUNDANCE, INDUCIBLE, CYTOSOLIC, AND HYPER- PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEIN 568
30.5 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER 568
30.6 TRISTETRAPROLIN EXPRESSION IS REDUCED IN FATS OF OBESE PEOPLE WITH THE METABOLIC SYNDROME 569
30.7 TRISTETRAPROLIN EXPRESSION IS REDUCED IN BRAINS OF SUICIDE VICTIMS 570
30.8 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH BLOOD PRESSURE 570
30.9 TRISTETRAPROLIN EXPRESSION IS INCREASED BY MICRONUTRIENTS 570
30.10 INSULIN INCREASES TTP AND DECREASES VEGF GENE EXPRESSION IN ADIPOCYTES 571
30.11 CINNAMON EXTRACT, LIKE INSULIN, INCREASES TTP AND DECREASES VEGF GENE EXPRESSION IN ADIPOCYTES 571
30.12 CINNAMON EXTRACT, UNLIKE INSULIN, INCREASES TTP GENE EXPRESSION IN MACROPHAGES 572
30.13 Conclusions and perspectives 574
REFERENCES 575
Immunotoxicology and Foods 579
31.1 INTRODUCTION 579
31.2 HOW FOODS AFFECT IMMUNOTOXICITY AND IMMUNE- MEDIATED DAMAGE 580
31.3 HOW FOODS AFFECT PATTERNS OF IMMUNE- DYSFUNCTION- LINKED DISEASE 581
31.4 AGE-RELATED AND GENDER-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS 583
31.5 EXPOSURE TO IMMUNOTOXICANTS VIA FOODS 584
31.6 FOODS AND THE REDUCTION OF IMMUNOTOXICITY- RELATED PROBLEMS 590
31.7 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives 591
REFERENCES 592
Section F Prebiotics and Probiotics 600
Probiotics and Inflammatory Immune Responses 601
32.1 INTRODUCTION 601
32.2 STIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY PROBIOTICS 604
32.3 PROBIOTICS AND REGULATION OF THE ALLERGIC IMMUNE RESPONSE 606
32.4 PROBIOTICS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES 607
32.5 PROBIOTICS AND OBESITY 613
32.6 CONCLUSIONs AND perspecti ves 614
REFERENCES 615
Prebiotics in Immuno-Modulation for Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis 621
33.1 INTRODUCTION 621
33.2 PATHOGENESIS AND DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS 622
33.3 ROLE OF THE GUT IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS 623
33.4 MODULATING THE LUMINAL INTESTINAL BACTERIA IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS 627
33.5 CLINICAL EFFECTS OF PREBIOTICS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS 630
33.6 SIDE EFFECTS OF PREBIOTICS IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ACUTE PANCREATITIS 631
33.7 DISTINCT EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PREBIOTICS? 632
33.8 Conclusions and perspectives 633
REFERENCES 633
Probiotics and Immunomodulation 635
34.1 INTRODUCTION 636
34.2 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 637
34.3 INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 637
34.4 ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM 639
34.5 THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM 642
34.6 PROBIOTICS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 644
34.7 PROBIOTICS AND INNATE IMMUNITY 647
34.8 PROBIOTICS AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 648
34.9 PROBIOTICS AND IMMUNOREGULATION 650
34.10 DIFFERENTIAL STIMULATION OF Th1 OR Th2 RESPONSE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 656
34.11 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives 657
References 657
Immunomodulation by Foods and Microbes in Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis 666
35.1 INTRODUCTION 666
35.2 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CD AND UC: WESTERNIZATION OF LIFE STYLE? 667
35.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 668
35.4 Conclusions and perspectives 677
REFERENCES 678
About the Editors 682
About the Series Editor 685
Index 687