Titanium (eBook)

Preface to the Second Edition 5
Preface to the First Edition 7
Contents 8
1 Introduction 12
1.1 Purpose of the Book 12
1.2 History of Titanium 13
1.3 Emergence as Commercial Material 13
1.4 Titanium Industry Status 15
1.5 Traditional and Emerging Applications 19
1.6 Recent Developments since the First Edition – Market Dynamics 23
2 Fundamental Aspects 26
2.1 Basic Properties 26
2.2 Crystal Structure 27
2.3 Elastic Properties 27
2.4 Deformation Modes 30
2.5 Phase Diagrams 34
2.6 Phase Transformations 40
2.7 Alloy Classification 44
2.8 Basic Hardening Mechanisms 47
2.9 Basic Physical and Chemical Properties 53
3 Technological Aspects 64
3.1 Sponge Production 64
3.2 Melting 70
3.3 Primary Processing 83
3.4 Shaping into Components 90
3.5 Near Net Shape Processes 97
3.6 Conventional Joining Methods 115
3.7 Surface Treatment 126
3.8 Inspection Methods 136
3.9 Characterization Methods 147
3.10 Recent Developments since the First Edition 161
4 Commercially Pure (CP) Titanium and Alpha Alloys 185
4.1 Processing and Microstructure 187
4.2 Microstructure, Composition, and Properties 195
4.3 Properties and Applications 208
5 Alpha + Beta Alloys 212
5.1 Processing and Microstructure 212
5.2 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 225
5.3 Properties and Applications 259
6 High Temperature Alloys 268
6.1 Processing and Microstructure 269
6.2 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 270
6.3 Properties and Applications 279
6.4 Recent Developments since the First Edition 281
7 Beta Alloys 292
7.1 Processing and Microstructure 292
7.2 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 306
7.3 Properties and Applications 326
7.4 Recent Developments since the First Edition 332
8 Titanium Based Intermetallics 346
8.1 Alloying and Microstructure 347
8.2 Microstructure and Properties 357
8.3 Applications 365
8.4 Recent Developments since the First Edition – Gamma LPT Blades 369
9 Titanium Matrix Composites 376
9.1 Processing 376
9.2 Properties 381
9.3 Applications 388
10 Special Properties and Applications of Titanium 392
10.1 Superconductivity 392
10.2 Burn Resistance 397
10.3 Hydrogen Storage 400
10.4 Shape Memory Effect 402
10.5 Biomedical Applications 408
10.6 Automotive Applications 412
10.7 Sports Related Applications 414
10.8 Appearance Related Applications 417
10.9 Recent Developments since the First Edition 419
References 425
Index 438