X-Ray Lasers 2008 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Part 1 - Progress in X-Ray Laser Facilities and Infrastructures 17
Recent Progress in X-Ray Laser Research in JAEA 18
1 Introduction 18
2 New Driver Laser System: TOPAZ 19
3 Application of the 13.9nm laser 20
4 Improvement of Performance of X-ray laser 22
Recent Advances on LASERIX Facility: Development of XUV Sources System and Applications. Perspectives from 2008 to 2010. 28
1 Introduction and context 28
2 Development of XUV sources 31
3 Use of XUV sources for applications 34
4 Conclusion and perspectives 37
Acknowledgment 37
References 37
Recent Progress in Grazing-Incidence-Pumped X-Ray Lasers at Uni- BE 38
1 Introduction 38
2 Experimental Setup 39
3 Results for Sn (and Pd) lasing 41
4 Results for Sb lasing 44
Acknowledgements 45
References 45
Review on Recent High Intensity Physics Experiments Relevant to X- Ray and Quantum Beam Generation at JAEA 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Relativistic Flying Mirror for a Tunable Coherent X-ray Source 48
3 Experimental Study on femto-second laser driven soft X- ray source 51
4 Laser driven multiple quantum beam generation using a thin foil 53
References 56
Towards an 100 Hz X-Ray Laser Station 57
1 Introduction 57
2 Pump Laser Design 58
3 X-Ray Laser in GRIP geometry 64
4 Summary and outlook 65
Acknowledgement 65
References 65
Versatile High-Energy and Short-Pulse Operation of PHELIX 67
1 The PHELIX laser system 67
2 Experimental set-up for pumping a short wavelength x-ray laser 69
3 Conclusion 71
References 72
Central Laser Facility High Power Laser Capabilities Applied to X- Ray Laser Science 73
1 Introduction 73
2 High Power Laser Systems 74
References 76
TARANIS: A Pump Source for X-Ray Lasers 78
1 Introduction 78
2 Laser System 79
3 The QUB X-Ray Laser 83
References 83
Photon Frontier Network 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Historical Background 85
3 Framework of Photon Frontier Network 85
4 Advanced Photon Science Alliance 87
5 Consortium for Photon Science and Technology: C-PhoST 89
6 Conclusion 90
Acknowledgement 90
References 91
Part 2 - Transient Collisional X-Ray Lasers 92
Grazing Incidence Pumping (GRIP): Single- vs. Double- Pulse Arrangement 93
1 Introduction 93
2 Analysis of the experiment 94
3 Modelling of the experiment 95
4 Conclusions 100
Acknowledgments 101
References 101
Generation of the Circularly Polarized X-Ray Laser Using the Pulse- Power Magnet 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Circularly polarized XRL by use of the external magnetic field 112
3 Experiment of the extraction of the circularly polarized XRL 113
4 Summary 116
Acknowledgements 116
References 117
Gain Saturation of the Ni-like Antimony Laser at 11.4 nm in Grazing- Incidence Pumping Geometry 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Experimental setup 119
3 Experiment Results 119
4 Discussion of the roll-off effect 121
5 Data interpretation 122
References 123
Temporal Coherence and Spectral Line Shape of a GRIP Transient X- Ray Laser 125
1 Introduction 125
2 Experimental setup 126
3 Source stability 128
4 Experimental results 129
5 Conclusion 131
References: 131
Part 3 - High Repetition Rate X-Ray Lasers 132
High Coherence Injection-Seeded Table-Top Soft X-Ray Lasers at Wavelengths Down to 13.2 nm 133
1 Introduction 133
2 Demonstration of injection seeded soft x-ray lasers at wavelengths below 20 nm 134
3 Spatial coherence measurements 138
4 Pulsewidth measurements 139
5 Conclusions 140
References 140
Characterization of a Seeded Optical-Field Ionized Collisional Soft X- Ray Laser 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Experimental set up 144
3 Experimental results 145
4 Conclusion 148
References 148
Investigation on the Spatial Properties of Silver X-Ray Laser Using GRIP Schemes 150
1 Introduction 150
2 Conventional GRIP vs. the GRIP geometry applying a single-profiled pulse 151
3 Spatial distribution of the output beam of silver x-ray laser 153
4 Spatial coherence of silver x-ray laser 155
5 Summary 158
Acknowledgement 159
References 159
Spatial Filtering of High Order Harmonics by an OFI Plasma Amplifier 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Experimental setup 161
3 Far field pattern 161
4 Wavefront measurement 162
5 Reconstructed sources 164
6 Spatial filtering simulation 164
7 Conclusion 166
References 167
New Driver Laser System for Double Target X-Ray Lasers at JAEA 168
1 Introduction 168
2 System Configuration of TOPAZ 169
3 XRL generation using TOPAZ 171
4 Summary 171
Acknowledgement 172
References 172
Part 4 - Optical-Field-Ionised (OFI) X-Ray Lasers 174
Toward Ultraintense Compact RBS Pump for Recombination 3.4 nm Laser via OFI 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Single and Double Pass Raman Backscattering Amplifier and Compressor 176
3 X-Ray Laser: Computer “Prescription” and Experimental Arrangement for Gain Generation in “Water Window” at 3.4nm 183
Acknowledgments 186
References 186
High Brightness Optical-Field-Ionization X-Ray Lasers Driven in Plasma Waveguides 188
1 Introduction 188
2 Experimental Setup 190
3 Results and Discussion 192
References 197
Temporal Coherence and Spectral Linewidth of a Seeded Soft X- Ray Laser Pulse 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Experimental device 199
3 Results 201
4 Discussion 201
5 Conclusion 203
Acknowledgments 203
References 203
Part 5 - Theory and Simulations 204
Advances in Understanding the Anomalous Dispersion of Plasmas in the X- Ray Regime 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Analysis of Interferometer Experiments 216
3 Finding Anomalous Dispersion in Ne and Na Plasmas 217
4 Finding Anomalous Dispersion in Ce and Yb Plasmas 220
5 Modeling of Carbon Plasmas at Higher Energy 222
6 Conclusions 223
Acknowledgements 223
References 223
Recent Developments on Seeded or Unseeded Transient X- Ray Lasers 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Simulations of a seeded X-ray laser with the COLAX code 226
3 Role of the time and level of injection 229
4 Duration of the amplified HHG 231
5 Conclusions and future work 232
References 233
Influence of the number of atomic levels on the modelling of collisional X- ray lasers 234
1 Introduction 234
2 Theoretical modelling of a Ne-like Zinc laser plasma 235
3 Comparison with experiment 236
4 Strongly coupled levels in High Harmonic amplification 238
5 Conclusion and perspectives 239
Acknowledgement 240
References 240
Modelling of Capillary Z-Pinch Recombination Pumping of Hydrogen- Like Ion EUV Lasers 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Computer Modelling of Laboratory Experiments 243
3 Boron Pinching Plasma 243
4 Influence of Capillary Wall Ablation on Plasma Evolution 247
5 Conclusion 249
Acknowledgement 249
References 249
Modeling of an Ultra-Short X-Ray Laser Pulse Amplification Through an Optical- Field- Ionized Gas Using a Maxwell- Bloch Treatment 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Modeling 259
3 X-ray Amplification Results 261
4 Conclusion 264
References 265
Effects of Inhomogeneous Incident Line Focus on 2D Hydrodynamic Behaviour of X- Ray Laser Plasma on Slab 266
1 Introduction 266
2 Inhomogeneity of line focus 267
3 Model equations 268
4 Comparison with 1D similar solution 269
5 Results discussion 269
6 Conclusions 273
Reference 273
Conversion Efficiency Calculations for Soft X-Rays Emitted from Tin Plasma for Lithography Applications 284
1 Introduction 284
2 Simulation Results 285
3 Conclusions 289
4 Acknowledgements 290
References 290
Theoretical Investigation of Photo-pumping X-Ray Lasers Using Ka Line from Solid Target 291
1 Introduction 291
2 Monte-Carlo simulation and calculated result 292
3 Target design and pumping geometry 295
4 Summary 296
References 296
Part 6 - High Harmonic Generation (HHG) 298
Coherent Water-Window X-Ray Generation by Phase- Matched High Harmonics in Neutral Media 299
1 Introduction 299
2 High-energy IR pulses by optical parametric amplifier 300
3 Water window soft x-ray from neutral harmonic media 302
References 306
Relativisitically Oscillating Mirrors Ò an Ultrabright Attosecond Source 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Background 308
3 Beam Quality Considerations 309
4 Experimental Results 312
Conclusions 314
References 314
Spectral Characteristics of Strong High-Harmonics Generated in a Two- Color Laser Field 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Experiment 316
3 Analysis and Discussion 317
4 Conclusion 321
References 321
Diffraction Limited Harmonic Emission from Laser Produced Plasmas 322
1 Introduction 322
2 Experiment 323
3 Angular distribution 325
4 Surface smoothing 326
5 Conclusion 326
References 327
Part 7 - XUV Optics and Applications of X-Ray Lasers 328
X-Ray Lasers as Probes of Plasma Parameters 329
1 Introduction 329
2 Soft x-ray plasma probing 330
3 Plasma thicknesses able to be probed by x-ray radiation 334
4 Measurements of laser ablation 334
5 Measurements of plasma opacity 335
6 Conclusion 337
Acknowledgements 338
References 338
Advances in Nanoscale Resolution Soft X-Ray Laser Microscopy 339
1 Introduction 339
2 Microscope Setup 340
3 Results 341
4 Conclusions 343
References 344
Experimental Diagnosis of Plasma Jets by Using X- Ray Laser 346
1 Introduction 346
2 Experiment 347
3 Comparison with Numerical Modeling 349
4 Conclusion 351
References 351
Soft X-Ray Holography with Wavelength Resolution 353
1 Introduction 353
2 Experiment 355
3 Image resolution assessment 357
4 Summary and conclusions 358
References 358
Ablation Measurements Using Ni-Like Ag X-Ray Laser Transmission 361
1 Introduction 361
2 Experiment 362
3 Laser Ablation Rate Measurements 365
4 Conclusions 368
Acknowledgements 368
References 368
High Sensitive Characterization of Microdomain Structures in PZN- PT ( 91/ 09) by Means of Coherent Soft X- Ray Laser Speckle 369
1 Introduction 369
2 Experiment and Results 370
3 Discussion 375
References 376
Warm Photoionized Plasmas Created by Soft X-Ray Laser Irradiation of Solid Targets 377
1 Introduction 377
2 Experimental Setup 378
3 Experiment and simulation results 379
4 Conclusions 384
References 384
Development of Multilayer Optics in EUV, Soft X-Ray and X- Ray Range at IPOE 386
1 Introduction 386
2 Periodic Multilayers 387
3 Non-periodic Multilayers 390
4 Summary 392
Acknowledgements 393
References 393
Highly Efficient Surface Modification of Solids by Dual Action of XUV/ Vis- NIR Laser Pulses 395
1 Introduction 395
2 Experimental setup 396
3 Results 397
4 Discussion 399
5 Conclusion 400
References 400
Strand Breaks in DNA Samples Induced with LASERIX 402
1 Motivation 402
2 Experiment 404
3 Results and conclusion 407
Acknowledgment 408
References 408
High Resolution X-Ray Laser Backlighting of Plasmas Using Spatial Filtering Technique 409
1 Experimental setup 409
2 Spatial filtering for enhancing contrast in XRL plasma probing 410
3 Results 412
References 417
Development of Soft X-Ray Fourier Transform Holography with Fresnel Zone Plate 418
1 Introduction 418
2 Experiment 419
3 Summary 421
Acknowledgement 423
References 423
Lensless Imaging Using Table-Top Soft X-Ray Lasers and High Harmonics Sources Reaching 70 nm Resolution 424
1 Introduction 424
2 Experimental Setup and Sample 425
3 Results and Discussion 426
4 Conclusions 427
References 429
Gas Phase Study of The Reactivity of Optical Coating Materials with Hydrocarbons Using a Compact Soft X- Ray Laser 430
1 Introduction 430
2 Results 431
3 Conclusions 434
Acknowledgments 435
References 435
Gas Phase Studies of Catalytic Processes Involving Vmon Clusters and their Reaction with Alcohols, Alkenes, Nox, and Nh3 Using a Desk- Top Size Soft X- Ray Laser 436
1 Introduction 436
2 Experimental Procedures 437
3 Results 438
Acknowledgments 441
References 441
Time-of-Flight Measurements of Ion and Electron from Xenon Clusters Irradiated with a Soft X- Ray Laser Pulse 443
1 Introduction 443
2 Experimental Setup 444
3 Results and Discussion 445
4 Summary 448
Acknowledgements 448
References 449
Calibration of a High Resolution Soft X-Ray Spectrometer 450
1 Introduction 450
2 Experimental Description 451
3 Experimental Results 454
References 455
XUV Probing as a Diagnostic of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Growth 457
1 Introduction 457
2 POLLUX code and Ionised Material Package (IMP) opacity data 458
3 Model parameters 459
4 Simulated profiles 459
5 Conclusion 462
Acknowledgements 462
References 462
Line Focus Geometry for Grazing Incidence Pumped X- Ray Lasers 463
1 Introduction 463
2 Tilted off-axis mirrors 463
3 Parabolic mirrors 465
4 Conclusion 468
References 469
Resolution and Feature Size Assessment in Soft X-Ray Microscopy Images 470
1 Introduction 470
2 Nanoscale images at .= 13.2 nm 471
3 Description of the algorithm 472
References 474
An Approach to the Generation of Uniform Line Foci for Use in X- Ray Laser Experiments 476
1 Introduction 476
2 Optical Systems for Achieving Line-Foci 477
3 Design of the Apertures 477
4 Apertures Calculated for the QUB X-Ray Laser Set-up. 478
5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Apertures 480
Conclusions 480
References 481
Interferometric Lithography with a Desk-Top Size Soft X- Ray Laser 482
1 Introduction 482
2 ADI design 483
3 Experimental details 484
4 Results 485
5 Summary 486
References 487
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectrum of Wide-Gap Semiconductors Excited by 13.9 nm X- Ray Laser 488
1 Introduction 488
2 Experimental 489
3 Results 490
Acknowledgements 492
References 492
Part 8 - Alternative Approaches for Sources of Bright X-Rays 493
Application of Extremely Bright and Coherent Soft and Hard X- Ray Free- Electron Laser Radiation 494
1 Introduction 494
2 Requirements of scientific applications 495
3 Description of x-ray FEL facilities 497
4 Conclusions 503
References 504
Design Study of Compact Thomson X-Ray Sources for Material and Life Sciences Applications 505
1 Introduction 505
2 Overview and motivation 506
3 Quasi CW mode 509
4 Applications of QCW LEXG 511
5 Pulsed operation mode for life sciences. Coronary angiography 512
6 Discussion and summary 515
References 517
An Attempt to Generate an Inner-Shell Photo-Ionisation Pumped X- Ray Laser Using the ASTRA Laser at RAL 520
1 Introduction 520
2 Experimental Layout 521
3 Results and Discussion 522
5 Conclusions 525
References 525
Electron Self-Injection and Radiation in the Laser Plasma Accelerator 526
1 Introduction 526
2 2D PIC simulation 527
3 Model 528
4 Betatron radiation 530
References 531
Emission Spectroscopy from an XUV Laser Irradiated Solid Target 532
1 Introduction 532
2 Experimental Layout 533
3 Results and Discussion 535
4 Conclusions 537
Acknowledgements 538
References 538
Innershell X-Ray Laser in Sodium Vapor: Final Steps Towards Experimental Verification 539
1 Introduction 539
2 Physical principles 539
3 Experimental setup 540
4 Modelling of population inversion 541
5 Conclusion 543
References 544