Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (eBook)
XXIII, 475 Seiten
Springer US (Verlag)
978-0-387-49648-1 (ISBN)
The foundation for understanding the function and dynamics of biological systems is not only knowledge of their structure, but the new methodologies and applications used to determine that structure. This volume in Biological Magnetic Resonance emphasizes the methods that involve Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It will interest researchers working in the field of imaging.
From the early examples of what was to be called MRI, extending the te- nique to higher fields than those of less than 0. 1 T used in the first large-volume instruments was a goal, but the way there was unclear. The practical success of large superconducting magnets was a surprise, and the astonishment continued as they developed fields from 0. 3 T to 0. 6 T to 1. 5 T, and even more, up to the now common 3T systems, and a few 4T machines, and now to about 100 times the fields used in the first medium- and large-bore devices. In the early machines, low radiofrequencies of 4 MHz or so meant that RF coil designs were simple (even inexperienced undergraduates could design and build such circuits with little knowledge of more than DC electrical circuits), and the forces on gradient coils were small. The effects of magnetic susceptibility in- mogeneity in and around the object being imaged were negligible, and RF penet- tion depths were not a problem for human-scale samples. Everything began to change as higher fields and higher frequencies came into use, and the earlier idyllic simplicities began to seem quaint. The trend continued, however, driven by the increased signal-to-noise ratios and the resultant higher resolutions and speed available, and sophisticated engineering became more and more essential, not only for magnets but for gradient systems and radiofrequency transmitters and receivers, but also for better software for modeling and correcting distortions.
CONTRIBUTORS 7
FOREWORD 12
PREFACE 13
CONTENTS 16
CHAPTER 1 ULTRA HIGH FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 21
1. INTRODUCTION 21
2. ULTRA HIGH FIELD MRI 22
3. CONCLUSION 27
4. REFERENCES 28
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ULTRA HIGH FIELD MRI MAGNET SYSTEMS 38
1. INTRODUCTION 38
2. THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH FIELD MRI 38
3. MAGNET DESIGN STRATEGIES 41
4. CRYOSTATS 46
5. SHIELDING 49
6. SHIMMING 51
7. MRI ABOVE 9.4 TESLA 56
8. THE FUTURE OF MRI 59
9. CONCLUSIONS 61
10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 61
11. REFERENCES 62
CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE CONSIDERATIONS IN ULTRAHIGH FIELD MRI: AN OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM INTEGRATION 63
1. INTRODUCTION 63
2. MOTIVATION FOR UHFMRI 64
3. MAGNETS FOR UHFMRI 65
4. GRADIENT COILS AND DRIVERS 68
5. RF COILS AND COIL INTERFACES 69
6. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSIDERATIONS 71
7. CONCLUSIONS 73
8. REFERENCES 74
CHAPTER 4 ASPECTS OF CLINICAL IMAGING AT 7 T 76
1. INTRODUCTION 76
2. GENERAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF A 7T CLINICAL MRI SYSTEM 79
3. CHALLENGES OF CLINICAL IMAGING AT 7T 100
4. CLINICAL SCANNING ON 7 T 104
5. SUMMARY 113
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 115
7. REFERENCES 115
CHAPTER 5 THE CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING A 9.4T MR SCANNER FOR HUMAN BRAIN IMAGING 121
1. INTRODUCTION 121
2. CHOICE OF MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH 122
3. SITE PLANNING 123
4. RESULTS 139
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 142
6. REFERENCES 142
CHAPTER 6 ULTRAHIGH FIELD MRI: HIGH-FREQUENCY COILS 143
1. INTRODUCTION 143
2. RF COIL LOSSES 144
3. EFFICIENT COIL DESIGN 148
4. VOLUME COILS 158
5. CONCLUSION 172
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 173
7. REFERENCES 173
CHAPTER 7 APERSPECTIVE INTO ULTRA HIGH FIELD MRI RF COILS 178
1. INTRODUCTION 178
2. THE APPROACH TO RF COIL DESIGN: NOW AND THEN 179
3. RF COIL SIMULATOR USING THE FDTD METHOD 182
4. RF POWER REQUIREMENTS IN MRI 189
5. THE ROAD TO CLINICALLY USEFUL IMAGES 193
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 217
7. REFERENCES 217
CHAPTER 8 RADIOFREQUENCY FIELD CALCULATIONS FOR HIGH FIELD MRI 224
1. INTRODUCTION 224
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TISSUE AS FUNCTIONS OF B1 FREQUENCY 225
3. NUMERICAL RF FIELD CALCULATIONS: THE FDTD METHOD 227
4. RELATING FIELD CALCULATION RESULTS TO MRI 237
5. RESULTS OF RF FIELD CALCULATIONS FOR HIGH FIELD MRI 248
6. REFERENCES 257
CHAPTER 9 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY EFFECTS IN HIGH FIELD MRI 264
1. INTRODUCTION 264
2. MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 265
3. T2* CONTRAST AT HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD 266
4. MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY EFFECT: A BLESSING AND A CURSE FOR HIGH FIELD MRI 268
5. CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY-INDUCED FIELD DISTORTION 269
6. MAGNETIC FIELD INHOMOGENEITY ARTIFACTS AND REDUCTION 273
7. IMAGE BLURRING AND GEOMETRIC DISTORTION ARTIFACTS IN RAPID IMAGING AND CORRECTION 285
8. FINAL REMARKS 295
9. REFERENCES 295
CHAPTER 10 HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS FOR IMAGING CEREBRAL MORPHOLOGY, FUNCTION, AND BIOCHEMISTRY 300
1. INTRODUCTION 300
2. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 302
3. IMAGE INTENSITY AND B1 NONUNIFORMITIES AT HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS 306
4. MORPHOLOGICAL IMAGING OF BRAIN TISSUE 310
5. FUNCTIONAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL IMAGING IN THE BRAIN 315
6. PARALLEL IMAGING 336
7. IMAGING USING LOW-GYROMAGNETIC NUCLEI 337
8. SPECTROSCOPY AT HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS 340
9. CONCLUSION 346
10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 346
11. REFERENCES 346
CHAPTER 11 HIGH-RESOLUTION AND MICROSCOPIC IMAGING AT HIGH FIELD 358
1. INTRODUCTION 358
2. MR INSTRUMENTATION FOR MICROIMAGING 359
3. MYELIN-BASED MICROIMAGING CORTICAL LAMINA 367
4. MICROIMAGING IN THE EX-VIVO HUMAN BRAIN 375
5. CONCLUSIONS 381
6. REFERENCES 381
CHAPTER 12 IN-VIVO NMRSPECTROSCOPY OF THE BRAIN AT HIGH FIELDS 387
1. INTRODUCTION 387
2. GENERAL SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS 388
3. RF CONSIDERATIONS 390
4. IN-VIVO 13 C NMR SPECTROSCOPY 394
5. IN-VIVO 1 H NMR SPECTROSCOPY 398
6. INSIGHTS FROM HIGH FIELD NMR SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF THE BRAIN 402
7. OUTLOOK 414
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 415
9. REFERENCES 416
CHAPTER 13 CLINICAL PROMISE: CLINICAL IMAGING AT ULTRA HIGH FIELD 424
1. INTRODUCTION 424
2. HIGH-RESOLUTION ANATOMICAL IMAGING 425
3. CEREBROVASCULAR SMALL-VESSEL DISEASE 429
4. STROKE IMAGING 432
5. TUMOR IMAGING 436
6. FUNCTIONAL MRI AND SPECTROSCOPY 443
7. SAFETY AND LIMITATIONS 444
8. CONCLUSIONS 445
9. REFERENCES 445
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 451
VOLUME 1 451
VOLUME 2 451
VOLUME 3 452
VOLUME 4 453
VOLUME 5 453
VOLUME 6 454
VOLUME 7 454
VOLUME 8 455
VOLUME 9 456
VOLUME 10 457
VOLUME 11 457
VOLUME 12 458
VOLUME 13 458
VOLUME 14 459
VOLUME 15 461
VOLUME 16 461
VOLUME 17 462
VOLUME 18 464
VOLUME 19 466
VOLUME 21 468
VOLUME 22 469
VOLUME 23 471
VOLUME 24 473
VOLUME 25 474
INDEX 475
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 31.12.2007 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Biological Magnetic Resonance | Biological Magnetic Resonance |
| Zusatzinfo | XXIII, 475 p. |
| Verlagsort | New York |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe |
| Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren ► Kernspintomographie (MRT) | |
| Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren ► Radiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | biochemistry • brain • brain imaging • Imaging • magnetic fields • Magnetic Resonance • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • spectroscopy |
| ISBN-10 | 0-387-49648-3 / 0387496483 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-387-49648-1 / 9780387496481 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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