Hormonally Active Brain Peptides

1 Structure and Function Relationships among Synthetic Enkephalin Analogues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Opiate Activity of Enkephalins and ?-Endorphin.- 3. Design and Synthesis of Enkephalin Analogues with Improved Opioid Activity.- 4. Modification at the N Terminus.- 5. Modification at the C Terminus.- 6. Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- 2 Secondary Structure - Function Relationships in ?-Endorphin: A Proposed Model of the Biologically Active Conformation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Circular Dichroism Studies.- 3. Predictive Analysis of the Secondary Structure.- 4. Correlation between the Solution Conformation and Biological Activity.- References.- 3 Studies on the Conformation of Neuropeptides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Material and Methods.- 3. ACTH.- 4. Angiotensin II.- 5. Thyroliberin.- 6. Conclusion.- Discussion.- References.- 4 The Search for the Active Center of the Gonadotropins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods in Peptide Synthesis.- 3. Testing of Inhibitory Peptides.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- 6. Projections for the Future.- Discussion.- References.- 5 Hormonal Antagonistic Properties of Deglycosylated Pituitary Lutropin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of Deglycosylated LH.- 3. Biological Properties of DG-LH.- 4. Concluding Comments.- References.- 6 Hormonal Regulation of and Ionic Requirements for in Vitro Release of Hypothalamic Peptides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Neurotransmitters or Neuropeptides on Hypothalamic Hormone Release in Vitro.- 3. Interaction of Opiates with LH-RH and SRIF Release.- 4. Ionic Requirements of Neuropeptide Release.- 5. Are Neuropeptide-Neurotransmitter Interactions Coupled with Ionic Channels?.- 6. Hormonal Effect on Neuropeptide Release in Vitro.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 7 In Vitro Release of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone: Influence of Estrogen and a Mammary Carcinogen.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- Discussion.- References.- 8 Mode of Opioid and Catecholamine Involvement in Regulating LH Secretion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Opiates on LH Release.- 3. Effects of Opiate Receptor Antagonists on Pituitary LH Release.- 4. Effects of Estrogen on LH Release Induced by Naloxone.- 5. Mode of Opiate Involvement in Pituitary LH Release.- 6. Site(s) of Opiate Modulation of LH Release.- 7. Summary.- Discussion.- References.- 9 Stress, Corticoliberin (CRF), and Glucocorticoids in the Regulations of ACTH Release.- 1. Introduction.- 2. ACTH-Secreting Cells.- 3. The Nature of CRF.- 4. The Site of CRF Release.- 5. The Location of CRF-Producing Cells.- 6. Afferent Pathways of Stressful Stimuli.- 7. Feedback Regulation of ACTH Secretion.- References.- 10 The Role of Steroid Receptors in the Regulation and Integration of Steroid and Peptide Hormone Actions in Common Target Cells: Facts and Speculations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Basic (Hypothetical) Concepts of the Proposed Model for Integrating the Actions of Steroid and Peptide Hormones in Common Target Cells.- 3. Experimental Facts Supporting the Basic Concepts of the Proposed Model.- 4. Coordination and Integration of Steroid and Peptide Hormone Actions in Common Tar get Cells.- 5. Potentiation.- 6. The Model-Description, Postulates, and Speculations.- 7. Summary and Prospects for the Future.- Discussion.- References.- 11 Effects of Estrogens on Receptor "Nucleotropy" and "Activation".- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subcellular Origins and Properties of Uterine Estradiol Receptors.- 3. Reactions of Uterine Cells to Pulse-Administered Estradiol.- 4. Receptor "Nucleotropy" and "Activation".- 5. Ovarian- and Steroid-Independent Fluctuations of Uterine Estradiol Receptor Action.- 6. The Basic Mechanism of Estradiol Receptor Action.- 7. How to Succeed in Mapping the Steroid-Sensitive Areas of the Brain.- References.- 12 Steroids and Membrane-Associated Events in Neurons and Pituitary Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Electrophysiological Approach.- 3. Electrophysiological Approach to the Study of Sex Steroid Effects on Neurons.- 4. Electrophysiological Approach to the Study of Sex Steroid Effects on Pituitary Cells.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- Discussion.- References.- 13 Electrical Effects of Steroids in Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Estrogen on Hypothalamic Neurons.- 3. Effects of Other Steroids (Progesterone, Testosterone, and Cortisol) on Hypothalamic Neurons.- 4. Effects of Steroids on Behavior-Related Electrophysiological Events.- 5. Conclusion and Prospectus.- References.- 14 Recent Data on Neuropeptide Mapping in the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Neuropeptides in the Major Brain Areas.- 3. Peptidergic Axons in Major Anatomical Pathways.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 15 Distribution and Changes in Peptides in the Brain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Neurotransmitter Peptides in Brain.- 3. Physiological Changes in Opiate Peptide Distribution.- 4. Effects of Hypothyroidism on Brain Peptides.- References.- 16 In Vitro Synthesis of Hypothalamic Neurophysin Precursors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell-Free Synthesis and Immunological Recognition of Neurophysic-Related Translation Products.- 3. Chemical Verification that Neurophysin-Related Translation Products Contain Neurophysin Amino Acid Sequences.- 4. Identity of Translation Products as Biosynthetic Precursors.- 5. Nucleic Acid-Precursor Interrelationships.- 6. Relationship between Neurophysin and Neuropeptide Hormone Biosynthesis.- 7. Future Directions-the Chemical Basis of Neurophysic-Neuropeptide Folding and Function.- References.- 17 Steroid Antagonism of Melanosome Movements Induced by Neuropeptides.- 1. Effects of ACTH and Related Peptides and of Glucocorticoids on the Brain.- 2. The Amphibian Melanophore as a Model.- 3. Effects of Corticosteroids on Frog Skin Melanophores.- 4. Summary 362 References.- 18 Is VIP a Neuroregulator or a Hormone?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Source of VIP.- 3. VIP as a Regulatory Peptide.- 4. Biological Effects and Receptors of VIP.- 5. Conclusion: VIP as Neuroregulator.- Discussion.- References.- 19 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: Release into Hypophyseal Portal Blood and Mechanism of Action.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gonadotropin Release into Hypophyseal Portal Blood Evoked by Electrical Stimulation.- 3. Spontaneous Release of GnRH into Hypophyseal Portal Vessel Blood.- 4. Changes in Pituitary Responsiveness to GnRH.- 5. The Neural Mechanism Responsible for Diurnal and Episodic Release of LH.- 6. Mechanism of Action of GnRH.- 7. Summary.- References.- 20 Biodegradation of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Disappearance of LH-RH in Vivo.- 3. Biodegradation of LH-RH in the CNS and Pituitary.- 4. Physiological Significance of LH-RH Biodegradation.- Discussion.- References.- 21 Ultrastructural Characteristics of Proteinergic Synthesis in the Pineal Gland.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- Discussion.- References.- 22 Peptidergic Activity of the Pineal Gland in Stress.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Aim of Investigation.- 3. Materials and Methods.- 4. Results.- 5. Discussion.- Discussion.- References.- 23 Effect of Colchicine on the Stress-Type ACTH Release in Rats.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Approaches.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 24 Genesis and Properties of Pituitary ACTH, MSH, Prolactin, and GH Producing Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Aim of This Article.- 3. Origin and Nature of ACTH and MSH.- 4. Pars Intermedia.- 5. Common and Specific Properties of PRL and GH Cells.- 6. Regulation of PRL and GH Release and Synthesis.- 7. The Role of Gonadal Steroids in PRL Cell Genesis and Hormone Release.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 25 Interaction between Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Prolactin-Producing Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Binding of [3H]-TRH to GH3 Cells.- 3. Adenosine 3?,5?-Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase(s) in GH3 Cells.- 4. Studies on the Role of Calcium in the Control of PRL Secretion.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 26 Cell-Free Synthesis of Rat Lutropin Subunits.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell-Free Synthesis of LH Subunits.- 3. Conclusions and Projections.- 4. Summary.- References.- 27 Cellular Polyproteins from Pituitary and Hypothalamus: Composite Precursors to Oligopeptide Hormones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition and Significance of Cellular Polyproteins.- 3. General Comments on the Synthesis and Identification of Precursors to Oligopeptide Hormones.- 4. The Pituitary Polyprotein Prepro-opiocortin.- 5. Hypothalamic Polyproteins.- 6. The Search for Precursors to Somatostatin and LH-RH.- References.- 28 Tritium Labeling of Brain Peptides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Tritium Labeling of Peptides.- 3. Tritium Labeling of Brain Peptides.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- Appendix Members of the International Foundation for Biochemical Endocrinology.