Excitable Cells in Tissue Culture

1 The Expression of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Properties by Autonomic Neurons in Tissue Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some Historical Aspects of the Culture of Autonomic Neurons.- 3. The Parasympathetic Neuron in Culture.- 4. Neurons of the Enteric Plexus in Culture.- 5. The Sympathetic Neuron in Culture: Basic Properties.- 5.1. Morphology.- 5.2. Biophysical Membrane Properties.- 6. Input to Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 6.1. Mechanisms of Neurotransmission in Vivo.- 6.2. Acetylcholine Responses of Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 6.3. Spinal Cord Projections to Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 6.4. Catecholamine Sensitivity of Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 6.5. The Specificity of Innervation to Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 7. Innervation of Visceral Target Tissues Grown with Sympathetic Neurons.- 7.1. General Aspects of the Morphology of Visceral Innervation in Vivo.- 7.2. Sympathetic Innervation in Vitro.- 8. Synaptic Interactions between Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 8.1. Synaptic Interactions between Sympathetic Neurons.- 8.2. Evidence That the Sympathetic Neuron "Shifts" Transmitter Production.- 8.3. The Inducing Factor for the Cholinergic Shift.- 8.4. Time Course of Inducibility.- 8.5. Two Neurotransmitters in One Cell.- 9. Discussion.- 10. Summary.- References.- 2 Electrophysiological and Structural Studies of Neurons in Dissociated Cell Cultures of the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electrical Properties of Cultured Neurons.- 2.1. Resting Membrane Potential.- 2.2. Cell Resistance and Capacitance.- 2.3. Dendritic Characteristics.- 2.4. Action Potentials.- 3. Central Synaptic Transmission.- 3.1. Morphophysiological Aspects.- 3.2. Synaptic Mechanisms.- 3.3. Developmental Studies.- 4. General Comments.- References.- 3 Neuropharmacology of Spinal Cord Neurons in Primary Dissociated Cell Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mammalian Spinal Cord Neurons in Primary Dissociated Cell Culture.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Primary Dissociated Cell Cultures.- 3.2. Intracellular Recording.- 3.3. Iontophoresis and Miniperfusion.- 3.4. Perfusion.- 4. Amino Acid Pharmacology of Spinal Neurons in PDC Culture.- 5. Convulsant and Anticonvulsant Actions on Spinal Cord Neurons in PDC Culture.- 6. Summary.- 7. Future Directions.- References.- 4 Voltage Clamp Techniques Applied to Cultured Skeletal Muscle and Spinal Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Why Voltage Clamp?.- 3. Voltage Clamp System.- 4. Taming the Spinal Cord Neuron Spike.- 5. Microelectrode Shielding and Guarding.- 6. Space Clamping.- 7. Practical Points.- 7.1. General.- 7.2. Microelectrodes.- 7.3. Head Stage Amplifier.- 7.4. Gain Stage.- 7.5. Final Stage.- 7.6. Current Monitor.- References.- 5 Membrane Noise Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Conductance Fluctuations: A Short Historical Overview.- 2. Theory of Channel Noise.- 3. Spectra and Autocorrelation.- 4. Channel Noise.- 5. Experimental Methods for Measuring and Analyzing Conductance Fluctuations.- 5.1. Voltage Fluctuation Measurements.- 5.2. Sources of Background Noise.- 6. Current Noise under Voltage Clamp in a Microelectrode System.- 7. Measurement of Single-Channel Currents.- 7.1. Methods of Recording Single Channels from Biological Systems.- 7.2. Analysis of Noise Data.- 7.3. Applicability of Fluctuation Measurement.- 8. Summary of Major Results Obtained by Fluctuation Analysis on Chemically Excited Systems.- 8.1. Some Surprises from Noise Analysis.- 8.2. Conductance Fluctuation Studies in Tissue Culture.- References.- 6 Nerve Cells in Clonal Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The C-1300 Mouse Neuroblastoma.- 2.1. Clone Isolation and Some Characteristics.- 2.2. Morphological Differentiation.- 2.3. Synapse Formation.- 2.4. Catecholamine Metabolism.- 2.5. Acetylcholine Metabolism.- 2.6. Cell Membrane.- 2.7. Specific Receptors.- 2.8. Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism.- 2.9. Specific Proteins.- 3. Rat Pheochromocytoma.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Morphological Differentiation Induced by NGF.- 3.3. Catecholamine Metabolism.- 3.4. Acetylcholine Metabolism.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Electrophysiology of Clonal Nerve Cell Lines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some General Considerations about Growth and Differentiation of Clonal Nerve Cell Lines.- 3. Resting Membrane Potential.- 4. Development of Electrical Excitability.- 5. Electrical Excitability of Differentiated Neuroblastoma Cells.- 5.1. Electrical Behavior under Constant-Current Conditions.- 5.2. Voltage Clamp Experiments.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Studies of Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Cultured Cells Using Ion-Flux and Ligand-Binding Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Methods.- 2.1. Ion-Flux Procedures for Studies of Sodium Channels.- 2.2. Ion-Flux Procedures for Studies of Acetylcholine Receptors and Calcium Channels.- 2.3. Measurement of the Membrane Potential of Cultured Cells from the Distribution of Lipid-Soluble Ions.- 2.4. Scorpion Toxin as a Specific Radioligand for Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Excitable Cells.- 2.5. Saxitoxin as a Specific Radioligand for Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Cultured Cells.- 3. Analysis of the Properties of Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Cultured Cells Using Ion-Flux and Ligand-Binding Methods.- 3.1. Neuroblastoma Cells.- 3.2. Skeletal Muscle Cells.- 3.3. Heart Muscle Cells.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Electrophysiological Properties of Developing Skeletal Muscle Cells in Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods and Materials.- 2.1. Cell Cultures.- 2.2. Electrophysiology.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Resting Membrane Potential.- 3.2. Ionic Mechanism of the Resting Membrane Potential.- 3.3. Passive Membrane Electrical Properties.- 3.4. Action Potentials.- 3.5. Current-Voltage Relationship.- 3.6. Acetylcholine Sensitivity.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Resting Membrane Potential.- 4.2. Chloride Permeability.- 4.3. Na Action Potential.- 4.4. Ca Action Potential.- 4.5. Cl Action Potential.- 4.6. Delayed Rectification.- References.- 10 The Physiology of Smooth Muscle Cells in Tissue Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Tissue Culture.- 2.2. Acute Isolation.- 2.3. Recording Methods.- 3. Applications.- 3.1. Electrical Activity.- 3.2. Passive Electrical Properties.- 3.3. Response to Neurotransmitters.- 3.4. Innervation.- 3.5. Contraction.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Calcium Exchange in Myocardial Tissue Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Scintillation-Disk Flow Cell Technique.- 2.1. Pattern of Calcium Exchange.- 3. The Role of the Glycocalyx.- 3.1. Histochemistry.- 3.2. Sialic Acid Removal.- 4. Cation Affinity Sequence.- 5. "Gas-Dissected" Membranes.- 6. Summary.- References.- 12 Cardiac Muscle with Controlled Geometry: Application to Electrophysiological and Ion Transport Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthetic Strand.- 2.1. Linear Electrical Properties.- 2.2. Current-Voltage Relationship and Cable Properties.- 2.3. Voltage Clamp of the Synthetic Strand.- 3. Cultured Cluster.- 3.1. Voltage Clamp of the Cultured Cluster.- 4. Polystrand.- 4.1. Morphological and Chemical Characterization.- 4.2. Potassium Flux Determination.- 4.3. Active Transport.- 5. Conclusion.- References.