Difficult Cases in Endourology

Introduction.- Anesthetic Considerations During Endourologic Surgery.- Difficulties in Instrumentation  of  Endourologic Procedures.- Percutaneous Management of Calyceal Diverticula:  An American Experience.- Managing Bleeding During Percutaneous Renal Surgery.- Septic Complications During Percutaneous Nephrolitholotomy (PCNL).- Visceral Complications of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL).- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy  (PCNL) for Staghorn Calculi--The Rigid Approach: Overcoming the Difficulties.- Flexible Renal Nephroscopy:  Overcoming the Difficulties.- Chinese Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (MPCNL): Overcoming the Difficulties.- Percutaneous Renal Surgery for Renal Pelvic Tumors: Overcoming the Difficulties.- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the Treatment of Stones within Horseshoe Kidneys and in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.- Drainage Systems After Percutanous Renal Procedures.- Retrograde Nephrostomy Access:  Overcoming the Difficulties.- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)--The Supine Approach:  Overcoming the Difficulties.- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in Obese Patients:  Overcoming the Difficulties.- Percutanous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for Caliceal Diverticulum:  An Egyptian Experience.- Endourological Management of Urological Complications Following Renal Transplantation.- Difficult Situations in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for Solitary Kidney and Renal Failure.- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and Other Simultaneous Procedures.- Adult Endopyelotomy:  Overcoming the Difficulties.- Ureteroscopy for Upper Ureteral Stones:  Overcoming the Difficulties of the Rigid Approach.- Uretheroscopy for Upper Ureteric and Renal Stones:  Overcoming Difficulties with the Flexible Approach.- Ureteroscopy for Ureteral Strictures.- Ureteroscopic Management of Ureteral and Renal Pelvic Tumors:  Overcoming  the Difficulties.- Endourologic Management of  Non-Malignant BilharzialUrinary Complications.- Ureteroscopy During Pregnancy.- Pediatric  Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL):  Overcoming the Difficulties.- Pediatric Ureteroscopy: Overcoming the Difficulties.- Difficulties with Ureteral Stents.- Overcoming the Cost Difficulties in Endourology.- Difficulties in Endourologic Training.- Avoiding and Overcoming Medico-Legal Difficulties in Endourology.