Ophthalmology

Part 1: GeneticsJaney L. Wiggs - Section Editor 1.1Fundamentals of Human GeneticsJaney L. Wiggs 1.2Molecular Genetics of Selected Ocular DisordersJaney L. Wiggs 1.3Genetic Testing and Genetic CounselingJaney L. Wiggs Part 2: Optics and RefractionDavid Miller - Section Editor 2.1Visible lightDavid Miller, Stephen K.Burns 2.2Physical optics for cliniciansEdmond H.Thall, Russell Miller, Humberto Salinas 2.3Light Damage to the EyeDavid Miller, Clifford A. Scott 2.4Principles of lasersNeal H. Atebara, Edmond H.Thall 2.5Light UnitsDavid Miller, Jerome S. Sarmiento, Stephen K Burns 2.6Optics of the normal eyeDavid Miller, Paulo Schor, Peter Magnante 2.7Epidemiology of refractive errorsDavid Miller, Clifford A. Scott 2.8Testing of RefractionClifford A. Scott 2.9Contact lensesPaul F. White, Clifford A. Scott 2.10Ophthalmic InstrumentationDavid Miller, Edmond H. Thall, Neil H. Atebara 2.11Perspectives on aberrations of the eyeEdmund H. Thall, David Miller Part 3: Refractive SurgeryDimitri T. Azar - Section Editor 3.1Current concepts, classification, and history of refractive surgery"Tatsuya Mimura, Dimitri T. Azar " 3.2Preoperative evaluation for refractive surgeryJoshua A. Young, Ernest W. Kornmehl 3.3Radial and Astigmatic KeratotomyKerry K. Assil, Joelle Hallak, Dimitri T. Azar 3.4Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomyNatalia Kramarevsky, David R. Hardten 3.5LASIKPatricia Sierra Wilkinson, Elizabeth A. Davis, David R. Hardten 3.6Laser Subepithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK) and Epi-LASIKLeonard Ang, Dimitri T. Azar 3.7Wavefront-Guided (Customized) Excimer Laser Refractive SurgeryFaisal M. Tobaigy, Dimitri T. Azar 3.8Conductive Keratoplasty and Laser Thermal Keratoplasty for Correction of Hyperopia and PresbyopiaDimitri T. Azar, Kalliopi Stasi 3.9Intrastromal corneal ring segments for low and high myopiaTakashi Kojima, Jonathan D. Primack, Dimitri T. Azar 3.10Phakic Intraocular LensesRamon C. Ghanem, Dimitri T. Azar Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface DiseasesMichael H. Goldstein - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Principles 4.1Corneal Anatomy, Physiology and Wound HealingAyad A. Farjo, Mark L. McDermott, Kaz Soong 4.2Corneal Topography and Wave Front ImagingMichael J. Taravella, Richard S. Davidson Section 2: Congenital Abnormailities 4.3Congenital Corneal AbnormailitiesJoel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia Section 3: External Diseases 4.4BlepharitisJyotsom B. Ganatra, Michael H. Goldstein 4.5HZV OphthalmicusHuck A. Holz, Ladan Espandar, Majid Moshirfar Section 4: Conjunctival Diseases 4.6Conjunctivitis: infectious and non-infectiousJonathan B. Rubenstein, Vanee Virasch 4.7Allergic ConjunctivitisJonathan B. Rubenstein, Vanee Virasch 4.8Tumors of Conjunctiva and CorneaJames J. Augsburger, Zelia M. Correa 4.9Pterygium and Conjunctival DegenerationsQais A. Farjo, Alan Sugar 4.10Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid/Mucous Membrane PemphigoidAhmed Al-Ghoul, Gene Kim, Deepinder K. Dhaliwal Section 5: Scleral and Episcleral Diseases 4.11Episcleritis and ScleritisDebra Goldstein, Howard H. Tessler Section 6: Corneal Diseases 4.12Bacterial KeratitisStephen D. McLeod 4.13Fungal KeratitisStephen D. McLeod 4.14Parasitic KeratitisStephen D. McLeod 4.15Herpes Simplex KeratitisSonal Tuli 4.16Peripheral ulcerative keratitisSarkis Soukiasian 4.17Noninfectious KeratitisCharles S. Bouchard 4.18Keratoconus and other EctasiasJoel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia 4.19Anterior Corneal DystrophiesBryan Edgington, Michael H. Goldstein 4.20Stromal Corneal DystrophiesJoel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia 4.21Corneal EndotheliumSteven T. Berger, Mark L. McDermott, Harvinder K.S. Atluri 4.22Corneal DegenerationsQais Farjo, Alan Sugar 4.23Dry EyeElmer Yuchen Tu, Stephen D. Rheinstrom Section 7: Misc. 4.24Contact Lens-Related ComplicationsThomas L. Steinemann, William Ehlers, Jeanine Suchecki 4.25Corneal and External Eye Manifestations of Systemic DiseaseAnna C. Newlin, Hormuz Wadia, Joel Sugar Section 8: Trauma 4.26Acid and Alkali BurnsSteven Rhee, Michael H. Goldstein Section 9: Surgery 4.27Corneal SurgeryLisa Marten, Ming X. Wang, Carol L. Karp, Robert P. Selkin, Dimitri T. Azar 4.28Excimer Laser Treatment of Corneal PathologyLisa Marten, Ming X. Wang, Carol L. Karp, Robert P. Selkin, Dimitri T. Azar 4.29Conjunctival SurgeryLisa Marten, Ming X. Wang, Carol L. Karp, Robert P. Selkin, Dimitri T. Azar 4.30Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted treatment for corneal endothelial dysfunctionFrancis W. Price, Jr., Marianne O. Price 4.31Surgical Ocular Surface ReconstructionVahid Feiz, Ivan R. Schwab 4.32Management of Corneal Thinning, Melting, and PerforationNicoletta Fynn-Thompson, Michael H. Goldstein Part 5: The LensEmanuel S. Rosen - Section Editor 5.1Basic science of the lensEric Dai, Michael E. Boulton 5.2Evolution of Intraocular Lens ImplantationLiliana Werner, Andrea M. Izak, Robert T. Isaacs, Suresh K. Pandey, David J. Apple 5.3Patient Work-up for Cataract SurgeryFrank W. Howes 5.4Indications for lens surgery/Indications for application of different lens surgery techniquesFrank W. Howes 5.5The pharmacotherapy of cataract surgerySteve A. Arshinoff, Yvonne A.V. Opalinski 5.6Anesthesia for cataract surgeryDonna L. Greenhalgh 5.7PhacoemulsificationDavid Allen 5.8Refractive aspects of cataract surgeryEmanuel S. Rosen 5.9Small incision cataract surgeryMark Packer, I. Howard Fine, Richard S. Hoffman 5.10Manual cataract extractionFrank Howes 5.11Combined proceduresDavid Allen 5.12Cataract surgery in complicated eyesGary S. Schwartz, Stephen S. Lane 5.13Pediatric cataract surgeryElie Dahan 5.14Complications of cataract surgeryThomas Kohnen, Li Wang, Neil J. Friedman, Douglas D. Koch 5.15Outcomes of cataract surgeryMats Lundstrom 5.16Secondary CataractLiliana Werner 5.17Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Causes, Morphology and Visual EffectsMark Wevill Part 6: Retina and VitreousJay S. Duker - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Science 6.1Structure and function of the neural retinaHermann D. Schubert 6.2Retinal pigment epithelium"Michael F. Marmor " 6.3Retinal and choroidal circulationShiyoung Roh, John J. Weiter Section 2: Basic Principles of Retinal Surgery 6.4Laser PhotocoagulationMichael Ip, Carmen A. Puliafito 6.5Scleral Buckling SurgeryGeorge A. Williams 6.6VitrectomyMichael Engelbert, Stanley Chang Section 3: Ancillary Tests 6.7Contact B-Scan UltrasonographyYale L. Fisher, James M. Klancnik, Jr., Hanna Rodriguez-Coleman, Antonio P. Ciardella, Nicole E. Gross 6.8Fluorescein Angiography, Indocyanine Green Angiography and Optical Coherence TomographyF. Ryan Prall, Jeffrey L. Olson, C.J. Barnett, Naresh Mandava 6.9ElectrophysiologyTina Scheufele Cleary, Elias Reichel Section 4: Dystrophies 6.10 Retinitis pigmentosa and related disorders Paul A. Sieving 6.11Macular dystrophiesSteven N. Truong, Kimberly Dresner, David G. Telander, Lawrence S. Morse, Kent W. Small 6.12Choroidal dystrophiesSandeep Grover, Gerald A. Fishman 6.13Congenital stationary night blindnessKenneth G. Noble 6.14Hereditary vitreoretinopathiesAlan E. Kimura Section 5: Vascular Disorders 6.15Hyertensive retinopathyAdam Rogers 6.16Retinal Arterial ObstructionJay S. Duker 6.17Venous obstructive disease of the retinaMike G. Morley, Jeffrey S. Heier 6.18Retinopathy of prematurityKimberly A. Drenser, Antonio Capone, Jr. 6.19Diabetic retinopathyBrett J. Rosenblatt, William E. Benson 6.20Ocular ischemic syndromeMatthew T.S. Tennant, Arunan Sivalingam, Gergory M. Fox, Gary C. Brown 6.21HemoglobinopathiesAllen C. Ho 6.22Coats' Disease and Retinal TelangiectasiaDiana V. Do, Julia A. Haller 6.23Radiation retinopathy and papillopathyDesmond B. Archer 6.24Proliferative retinopathiesSrilaxmi Bearelly, Jeevan R. Mathura, Jr., Lee M. Jampol 6.25Retinal arterial macroaneurysmsJanice E. Contreras, William F. Mieler, Robert A. Mittra, John S. Pollack, Julia Jiyamapa Section 6: Macular Disorders 6.26Choroidal neovascularizationRichard F. Spaide 6.27Age-related macular degenerationPhilip J. Rosenfeld, Adam Martidis, Matthew T.S. Tennant 6.28Degenerative myopiaBrad J. Baker, Ronald C. Pruett 6.29Central Serous ChorioretinopathyAnna S. Kitzmann, Jose S. Pulido, William J. Wirostko 6.30Macular HoleJay S. Duker 6.31Epiretinal membraneT. Mark Johnson, Mark W. Johnson 6.32Vitreomacular traction syndromeWilliam E. Smiddy 6.33Cystoid macular edemaArthur Fu, Alex Bui, Richard Roe, Irma Ahmed, Everett Ai 6.34Coexistent optic nerve and macular abnormalitiesGary C. Brown, Melissa M. Brown 6.35Angioid streaksJames F. Vander Section 7: Retinal Detachment 6.36Peripheral retinal lesionsWilliam S. Tasman 6.37Retinal breaksCraig M. Greven 6.38Rhegmatogenous retinal detachmentCharles P. Wilkinson 6.39Serous detachments of the neural retinaRajiv Anand, Patrick D. Williams 6.40Choroidal hemorrhageMichael Kapusta, Pedro Lopez 6.41Proliferative vitreoretinopathyG. William Aylward Section 8: Trauma 6.42Posterior Segment Ocular TraumaPatrick E. Rubsamen 6.43Distant trauma with posterior segment effectsJason Hsu, Carl D. Regillo 6.44Light toxicity and laser burnsCaroline R. Baumal 6.45Retinal Toxicity of Systemically Administered DrugsRichard Hamilton, David V. Weinberg Section 9: Retinal Detachment/Vitreous 6.46Vitreous anatomy and pathologyJ. Sebag Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular InflammationsNarsing A. Rao - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Principles 7.1Anatomy of the uveaMonica T. Evans 7.2Mechanisms of uveitisIgal Gery, Chi-Chao Chan 7.3General approach to the uveitis patient and treatment strategiesDavid J. Forster Section 2: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Viral 7.4Herpes and other viral infectionsP. Kumar Rao 7.5Cytomegalovirus Retinitis (CMVR) in AIDS Ehud Zamir Section 3: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Bacterial 7.6Syphilitic and other spirochetal uveitisJulie H. Tsai, Jennifer R. Chao, Narsing A. Rao 7.7Tuberculosis, leprosy and brucellosisAmod Gupta, Vishali Gupta 7.8Cat scratch and Whipple's diseaseRobert C. Wang 7.9EndophthalmitisRussell W. Read Section 4: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Fungal 7.10HistoplasmosisRamana S. Moorthy 7.11Fungal Endophthalmitis: Candidiasis, Aspergillosis and Coccidioidomycosis Shailaja Valluri, Ramana S. Moorthy Section 5: Infectious Causes of Uveitis--Protozoal and Parasitic 7.12Ocular toxoplasmosisStacy Pineles, Sarah M. Rikkers, Ralph D. Levinson 7.13Posterior parasitic uveitisJyotirmay Biswas Section 6: Uveitis Associated With Systemic Disease 7.14Uveitis related to HLA-B27 and juvenile arthritisCarlos Pavesio, Nicholas Jones 7.15SarcoidosisClaude L. Cowan Jr. 7.16Behcets diseaseAnnabella A. Okada 7.17Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada diseaseNarsing A. Rao, Hajime Inomata Section 7: Traumatic Uveitis 7.18Phacogenic uveitisDavid J. Forster 7.19Sympathetic uveitisNarsing A. Rao, George E. Marak Jr. Section 8: Uveitis of Unknown Causes 7.20Idiopathic and other anterior uveitis syndromesJulie H. Tsai, Narsing A. Rao 7.21Pars planitis and other intermediate uveitisJulie H. Tsai, Narsing A. Rao 7.22Posterior uveitis of unknown causeRamana S. Moorthy, Lee M. Jampol Section 9: Masquerade Syndromes 7.23Masquerade Syndromes: NeoplasmsRussell W. Read Part 8: Intraocular TumorsJames J. Augsburger - Section Editor Section 1: Malignant and Intraocular Tumors 8.1RetinoblastomaJames J. Augsburger, Norbert Bornfeld, Michael Giblin 8.2Uveal MelanomaJames J. Augsburger, Bertil E. Damato, Norbert Bornfeld 8.3Metastatic Cancer to the EyeJames J. Augsburger, Rudolf Guthoff 8.4Lymphoma and LeukemiaJames J. Augsburger, William G. Tsiaras 8.5MedulloepitheliomaJames J. Augsburger, Zelia M. Correa Section 2: Benign Intraocular Tumors 8.6Uveal NevusJames J. Augsburger, J. William Harbour, John R. Gonder 8.7Choroidal HemangiomasJames J. Augsburger, Rajiv Anand, George E. Sanborn 8.8Choroidal OsteomaJames J. Augsburger, Rudolf Guthoff 8.9Astrocytoma of RetinaJames J. Augsburger, Alan F. Cruess 8.10Hemangiomas of RetinaJames J. Augsburger, Norbert Bornfeld, Zelia M. Correa 8.11Combined Hamartoma of RetinaJames J. Augsburger, Sanford M. Meyers 8.12Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment EpitheliumJames J. Augsburger, James P. Bolling Section 3: Phakomatoses 8.13PhakomatosesJames J. Augsburger, James P. Bolling Part 9: Neuro-ophthalmologyAlfredo A. Sadun - Section Editor Section 1: Imaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology 9.1Principles of imaging in neuro-ophthalmologySwaraj Bose Section 2: The Afferent Visual System 9.2Anatomy and physiologyAlfredo A. Sadun 9.3Differentiation of optic nerve from retinal macular diseaseAlfredo A. Sadun 9.4Congenital optic disc anomaliesMichael C. Brodsky 9.5Papilledema and raised intracranial pressureAlfredo A. Sadun 9.6Inflammatory optic neuropathies and neuroretinitisJason R. Guercio, Laura J. Balcer 9.7Ischemic Optic NeuropathiesAnthony C. Arnold 9.8Hereditary, nutritional, and toxic optic atrophiesAlfredo A. Sadun, Sevgi Gurkan 9.9Prechiasmal pathways - compression by optic nerve and sheath tumorsThomas C. Spoor 9.10Traumatic optic neuropathiesThomas C. Spoor 9.11Optic chiasm, parasellar region, and pituitary fossaRichard M. Rubin, Alfredo A. Sadun, Alfio Piva 9.12Retrochiasmal pathways, higher cortical function, nonorganic visual lossAndrew W. Lawton Section 3: The Efferent Visual System 9.13Disorders of supranuclear control of ocular motilityPatrick J.M. Lavin, Sean P. Donahue 9.14Nuclear and fascicular disorders of eye movementSean P. Donahue 9.15Paresis of isolated and multiple cranial nerves and painful ophthalmoplegiaMark L. Moster 9.16Disorders of the neuromuscular junctionDeborah I. Friedman 9.17Ocular myopathiesRichard M. Rubin, Alfredo A. Sadun 9.18Nystagmus, saccadic intrusions, and oscillationsPeter A. Quiros, Robert D. Yee 9.19The PupilsRandy H. Kardon 9.20Presbyopia and loss of accommodationSean P. Donahue Section 4: The Brain 9.21Headache and facial painJoel M. Weinstein 9.22Tumors, infections, inflammations, and neurodegenerationsHossein G. Saadati, Alfredo A. Sadun Section 5: Neuro-Ophthalmologic Emergencies 9.23Urgent Neuro-Ophthalmic PathologiesPeter A. Quiros 9.24Trauma, drugs, and toxinsDeborah I. Friedman, Luis J. Mejico 9.25Vascular disordersThomas R. Hedges, Jr., Peter A. Quiros Part 10: GlaucomaJoel S. Schuman - Section Editor Section 1: Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Glaucoma 10.1Epidemiology of glaucomaPradeep Ramulu, David S. Friedman 10.2Screening for glaucomaJoshua D. Stein, Paul P. Lee 10.3Mechanisms of glaucomaMartin Wax, Abe Clark, Mortimer M. Civan Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis 10.4Clinical examination of glaucoma Jerome C. Ramos-Esteban, L. Jay Katz, William Goldberg, Anna Goldberg 10.5Visual Field Testing in GlaucomaDonald L. Budenz 10.6Advanced Psychophysical tests for glaucomaChris A. Johnson 10.7Optic Nerve AnalysisGadi Wollstein, Joel S. Schuman 10.8Optic nerve blood flow measurementAlon Harris, Ehud Rechtman 10.9Ocular HypertensionPolly Henderson, Thad Labbe, Michael A. Kass Section 3: Specific Types of Glaucoma 10.10Primary open angle glaucomaJ.C.H Tan, Paul L. Kaufman 10.11Normal-Tension GlaucomaRoger A. Hitchings 10.12Angle closure glaucomaJovina L.S. See, Paul T.K. Chew 10.13Pseudoexfoliation glaucomaPatrick J. Riedel, Thomas W. Samuelson 10.14Pigmentary glaucomaM. Bruce Shields 10.15Neovascular glaucomaMalik Y. Kahook 10.16Ocular Inflammatory and Corticosteroid Induced GlaucomaIvan Goldberg, Ridia Lim 10.17Glaucoma Associated With Ocular TraumaDavid P. Tingey, Bradford J. Shingleton 10.18Glaucoma and Raised Episcleral Venous PressureE. Randy Craven 10.19Aqueous misdirection syndromeNishat P. Alvi, Louis B. Cantor 10.20Glaucoma associated with abnormalities of cornea and iris, tumors, and retinal diseaseElliott Kanner, James C. Tsai 10.21Congenital GlaucomaJames D. Brandt Section 4: Therapy 10.22When to treat glaucomaRebecca S. Walker, Jody R. Piltz Seymour 10.23Which therapy to use in glaucoma?Douglas J. Rhee, Clive S. Migdal 10.24Current medical management of glaucomaRonald L. Gross 10.25Laser Trabeculoplasty and Laser Peripheral IridectomyKarim F. Damji 10.26Laser filtration proceduresMartha Motuz Leen 10.27Cyclodestructive procedures in glaucomaRobert J. Noecker 10.28Goniotomy and trabeculectomySarwat Salim, David S. Walton 10.29Non-penetrating glaucoma surgeryIqbal Ike K. Ahmed, Baseer U. Khan 10.30TrabeculectomyCynthia Mattox 10.31Antifibrotic agents in glaucoma surgeryPeng Tee Khaw, Jonathan Clarke 10.32Drainage implantsJeffrey Freedman 10.33Complications of glaucoma surgery and their managementLeon W. Herndon 10.34Genes associated with Human GlaucomaJaney L. Wiggs 10.35Evidence based medicine in glaucomaHenry Jampel, Kimberly E. Brown Part 11: Pediatric and Adult StrabismusGary R. Diamond - Section Editor Section 1: Basic Science 11.1Anatomy and physiology of the extraocular muscles and surrounding tissuesBrian N. Campolattaro, Frederick M. Wang Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis 11.2Evaluating vision in preverbal and preliterate infants and childrenGary R. Diamond 11.3Examination of ocular alignment and eye movementsGary R. Diamond 11.4Sensory adaptations in strabismusGary R. Diamond Section 3: Ocular Manifestations 11.5Sensory status in strabismusGary R. Diamond 11.6EsotropiaGary R. Diamond 11.7ExotropiaGary R. Diamond 11.8Oblique muscle dysfunctionsGary R. Diamond 11.9Alphabet pattern strabismusGary R. Diamond 11.10Paralytic strabismusSteven E. Rubin 11.11Other vertical strabismus formsHoward M. Eggers 11.12AmblyopiaGary R. Diamond Section 4: Treatment 11.13Forms of nonsurgical strabismus managementGary R. Diamond 11.14Techniques of strabismus surgeryRobert W. Lingua, Gary R. Diamond Part 12: Orbit and OculoplasticsJonathan J. Dutton - Section Editor Section 1: Orbital Anatomy and Imaging 12.1Clinical anatomy of the eyelidsJonathan J. Dutton 12.2Clinical anatomy of the orbitJonathan J. Dutton 12.3Orbital imaging techniquesJonathan J. Dutton Section 2: Eyelids 12.4Eyelid retractionGene R. Howard 12.5BlepharoptosisPhilip L. Custer 12.6EntropionJames W. Gigantelli 12.7EctropionFiona O. Robinson, J. Richard O. Collin 12.8Essential blepharospasmDonald C. Faucett 12.9Benign eyelid lesionsAnn G. Neff, Keith D. Carter 12.10Eyelid malignanciesGregory J. Vaughn, Richard K. Dortzbach, Gregg S. Gayre 12.11Eyelid trauma and reconstruction techniquesJeffrey P. Green, George C. Charonis, Robert Alan Goldberg Section 3: Orbit and Lacrimal Gland 12.12Orbital diseasesJonathan J. Dutton 12.13Orbital surgeryJonathan J. Dutton 12.14Enucleation, evisceration, and exenterationMyron Tanenbaum 12.15The Lacrimal drainage systemJeffrey J. Hurwitz Section 4: Periorbital Aesthetic Procedures 12.16Cosmetic blepharoplasty and browplastyFrancois Codere, Nancy Tucker 12.17Injectable skin fillersGregg S. Gayre 12.18Cosmetic Wrinkle Reduction with Botulinum ToxinWilliam J. Lipham