Medical Biostatistics, Second Edition

Preface
Medical Uncertainties
Uncertainties in Health and Disease
Uncertainties in Medical Research
Uncertainties in Health Planning and Evaluation
Management of Uncertainties: About This Book
Basics of Medical Studies
Study Protocol
Types of Medical Studies
Data Collection
Nonsampling Errors and Other Biases
Sampling Methods
Sampling Concepts
Common Methods of Random Sampling
Some Other Methods of Sampling
Some Examples of Sample Surveys
Designs for Observational Studies
Prospective Studies
Retrospective Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Comparative Performance of Prospective, Retrospective, and Cross-Sectional Studies
Medical Experiments
Basic Features of Medical Experiments
Design of Experiments
Choice and Sampling of Units for Laboratory Experiments
Clinical Trials
Therapeutic Trials
Issues in Clinical Trials
Trials Other Than for Therapeutics
Numerical Methods for Representing Variation
Types of Measurement
Tabular Presentation
Rates and Ratios
Central and Other Locations
Measuring Variability
Presentation of Variation by Figures
Graphs for Frequency Distribution
Pie, Bar, and Line Diagrams
Special Diagrams in Health and Medicine
Charts and Maps
Some Quantitative Aspects of Medicine
Some Epidemiological Measures of Health and Disease
Reference Values
Measurement of Uncertainty: Probability
Validity of Medical Tests
Clinimetrics and Evidence-Based Medicine
Indicators, Indexes, and Scores
Clinimetrics
Evidence-Based Medicine
Measurement of Community Health
Indicators of Mortality
Measures of Morbidity
Indicators of Social and Mental Health
Composite Indexes of Health
Confidence Intervals, Principles of Tests of Significance, and Sample Size
Sampling Distributions
Confidence Intervals
P-Values and Statistical Significance
An Initial Debate on Statistical Significance
Sample Size Determination in Some Cases
Inference from Proportions
One Qualitative Variable
Proportions in 2 × 2 Tables
Analysis of R × C Tables (Large n)
Three-Way Tables
Relative Risk and Odds Ratio
Relative and Attributable Risks (Large n)
Odds Ratio
Stratified Analysis and Sample Size
Inference from Means
Comparison of Means in One and Two Groups (Gaussian Conditions): Student’s t-Test
Comparison of Means in Three or More Groups (Gaussian Conditions): ANOVA F-Test
Non-Gaussian Conditions: Nonparametric Tests for Location
When Significant Is Not Significant
Relationships: Quantitative Data
Some General Features of a Regression Setup
Linear Regression Models
Some Issues in Regression
Measuring the Strength of a Quantitative Relationship
Assessment of Agreement
Relationships: Qualitative Dependent
Binary Dependent: Logistic Regression (Large n)
Inference from Logistic Coefficients
Issues in Logistic Regression
Some Models for Qualitative Data
Strength of Relationship in Quantitative Variables
Survival Analysis
Life Expectancy
Analysis of Survival Data
Issues in Survival Analysis
Simultaneous Consideration of Several Variables
Scope of Multivariate Methods
Dependent and Independent Sets of Variables
Identification of Structure in the Observations
Quality Considerations
Statistical Quality Control in Medical Care
Quality of Measurements
Quality of Statistical Models: Robustness
Quality of Data
Statistical Fallacies
Problems with the Sample
Errors in Presentation of Findings
Inadequate Analysis
Misinterpretation
Appendix 1: Statistical Software
General Purpose Statistical Software
Special Purpose Statistical Software
Appendix 2: Some Statistical Tables
Index
References appear at the end of each chapter.