The Clinical Anatomy of the Vascular System

Stephen J. Bordes, MD, is a Resident Physician in the Department of Surgery at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, pursuing a career in cardiothoracic surgery. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in Integrative Biology from the University of California, Berkeley followed by a Doctor of Medicine, summa cum laude with distinction in research, from St. George's University. Dr. Bordes completed translational anatomy research fellowships at Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA. He has published over 50 scientific papers and 16 textbook chapters which are included in Surgical Anatomy of the Lateral Transpsoas Approach to the Lumbar Spine, Surgical Anatomy of the Sacral Plexus and its Branches, The Chiari Malformations, 2nd Ed., The Sutures of the Skull: Anatomy, Embryology, and Pathology, and Surgical Anatomy of the Cervical Plexus and its Branches. Dr. Bordes has reviewed for 6 different scientific journals and serves as an author for StatPearls and USMLE Rx. His scientific interests include cardiovascular anatomy, cardiac pathophysiology, and thoracic wall mechanics.

Joe Iwanaga, DDS, PhD, is an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and clinical anatomist. He is a Professor of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Structural and Cellular Biology at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. He is the author of more than 600 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Iwanaga is a President of the Clinical Anatomy Research Association in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Dr. Iwanaga is current visiting professor at Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan. He is a Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Section editor of the journal Clinical Anatomy. He has also edited over 15 books and is author of the 42nd and 43rd editions of Gray's Anatomy.

Dr. Loukas is the Dean of School of Medicine, at St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies. He is also a professor at the Departments of Anatomical Sciences and Pathology at St. George's University, and Professor at Nicolaus Copernicus Superior School, College of Medical Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland. Dr. Loukas has an extensive publication record, with over 900 papers in peer-reviewed journals and over 20 authored books, including well-known titles like Gray's Anatomy Review and McMinn and Abrahams' Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy. He has contributed chapters to various medical and surgical textbooks, including Gray's Anatomy. Additionally, he has played editorial roles for several journals and is the Co-Editor of Clinical Anatomy and the founding Editor-in-Chief of Translational Research in Anatomy. His scientific interests include surgical anatomy and technique, cardiovascular pathology and medical education. Recently, his focus has been directed toward issues of integrated curriculum and faculty development in medical education with an emphasis on simulation and technology and effective teaching and assessment. 

R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD, is an anatomist and Professor of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Surgery, and Structural & Cellular Biology at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA and Department of Anatomical Sciences at St. George's University, Grenada. He has several honorary professorships and Dr. Tubbs' research interests are centered on so-called "reverse translational anatomy research", where clinical problems are identified and solved with anatomical studies. This investigative paradigm has resulted in over 2,000 peer-reviewed publications. Dr. Tubbs sits on the editorial boards of over 20 anatomical journals and has reviewed for over 150 scientific journals. He has been a visiting professor to major institutions in the US and worldwide. He has authored over 60 books and over 75 book chapters. His textbooks include The Chiari Malformations, editions 1 and 2, The Occult Spinal Dysraph

Preface.- Part 1: Intracranial Vessels.- Part 1.1: Arteries.- Chapter 1-Internal Carotid Artery.- Chapter 2- Ophthalmic Artery.- Chapter 3- Anterior Cerebral Artery.- Chapter 4- Posterior Cerebral Artery.- Chapter 5- Middle Cerebral Artery.- Chapter 6- Basilar Artery.- Chapter 7- Vertebral Arteries.- Chapter 8- Middle Meningeal Artery.- Part 1.2: Veins.- Chapter 9- Superficial (Cortical) Veins of the Cerebrum.- Chapter 10- Deep (Subependymal) Veins of the Cerebrum.- Chapter 11- Veins of the Cerebellum.- Chapter 12- Veins of the Brain Stem.- Chapter 13- Dural Venous Sinuses.- Chapter 14- Ophthalmic Veins.- Chapter 15- Internal Jugular Vein.- Chapter 16- Vertebral Veins.- Part 1.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 17- Intracranial Lymphatics.- Part 2: Extracranial Vessels of the Face and Scalp.- Part 2.1: Arteries.- Chapter 18- Lingual Artery.- Chapter 19- Facial Artery.- Chapter 20- Occipital Artery.- Chapter 21- Posterior Auricular Artery.- Chapter 22- Maxillary Artery.- Chapter 23- SuperficialTemporal Artery.- Part 2.2: Veins.- Chapter 24- Veins of the Face and Scalp.- Part 2.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 25- Lymphatics of the Face and Scalp.- Part 3: Vessels of the Neck.- Part 3.1: Arteries.- Chapter 26- Subclavian Artery.- Chapter 27- Common Carotid Artery.- Chapter 28- Internal Carotid Artery.- Chapter 29- External Carotid Artery.- Chapter 30- Vertebral Artery.- Chapter 31- Superior Thyroid Artery.- Chapter 32- Middle Thyroid Artery.- Chapter 33- Ascending Pharyngeal Artery.- Chapter 34- Thyrocervical Trunk.- Chapter 35- Inferior Thyroid Artery.- Chapter 36- Ascending Cervical Artery.- Chapter 37- Transverse Cervical Artery.- Chapter 38- Suprascapular Artery.- Part 3.2: Veins.- Chapter 39- Veins of the Neck.- Part 3.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 40- Lymphatics of the Neck.- Part 4: Vessels of the Thoracic Wall..- Part 4.1: Arteries.- Chapter 40- Intercostal Arteries,. Chapter 41- Internal Thoracic Artery.- Chapter 42- Musculophrenic Artery.- Chapter 43- Epigastric Arteries.- Chapter 44- Dorsal Scapular Artery.- Chapter 45- Thoracodorsal Artery.- Chapter 46- Lateral Thoracic Artery.- Chapter 47- Thoracoacromial Artery.- Chapter 48- Epigastric Arteries.- Part 4.2: Veins.- Chapter 49- Veins of the Thoracic Wall.- Part 4.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 50- Lymphatics of the Thoracic Wall.- Part 5: Vessels of the Thoracic Cavity.- Part 5.1: Arteries.- Chapter 51- Ascending Aorta,. Chapter 52- Brachiocephalic Trunk.- Chapter 53- Left Common Carotid Artery.- Chapter 54- Left Subclavian Artery.- Chapter 55- Descending Thoracic Aorta.- Chapter 56- Coronary Arteries.- Chapter 57- Pulmonary Arteries.- Chapter 58- Pericardial Arteries.- Chapter 59- Mediastinal Arteries.- Chapter 60- Bronchial Arteries.- Chapter 61- Esophageal Arteries.- Chapter 62- Phrenic Arteries.- Part 5.2: Veins.- Chapter 63- Superior Vena Cava.- Chapter 64- Inferior Vena Cava.- Chapter 65- Brachiocephalic Veins.- Chapter 66- Azygos Vein.- Chapter 67- Accessory Hemiazygos and Hemiazygos Veins.- Chapter 68-Pulmonary Veins.- Chapter 69- Cardiac Veins.- Chapter 70- Esophageal Veins.- Chapter 71- Pericardial Veins.- Chapter 72- Mediastinal Veins.- Chapter 73- Bronchial Veins.- Part 5.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 74- Thoracic Duct.- Chapter 75- Right Lymphatic Duct.- Part 6: Vessels of the Abdominal Wall.- Part 6.1: Arteries.- Chapter 76- Superior Epigastric Artery.- Chapter 77- Inferior Epigastric Artery.- Chapter 78- Lumbar Arteries.- Part 6.2: Veins.- Chapter 79- Veins of the Abdominal Wall.- Part 6.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 80- Lymphatics of the Abdominal Wall.- Part 7: Vessels of the Abdominal Cavity.- Part 7.1: Arteries.- Chapter 81- Abdominal Aorta.- Chapter 82- Celiac Trunk.- Chapter 83- Superior Mesenteric Artery.- Chapter 84- Inferior Mesenteric Artery.- Chapter 85- Renal Arteries.- Chapter 86- Gonadal Arteries.- Chapter 87- Adrenal Arteries.- Part 7.2: Veins.- Chapter 88- Inferior Vena Cava and Tributaries.- Chapter 89- Hepatic Portal Vein.- Chapter 90- Superior Mesenteric Vein.- Chapter 91- Inferior Mesenteric Vein.- Chapter 92- Splenic Vein.- Chapter 93- Suprarenal Veins.- Chapter 94- Gonadal Veins.- Part 7.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 95- Lymphatics of the Abdominal Cavity.- Part 8: Pelvic and Perineal Vasculature.- Part 8.1: Arteries.- Chapter 96- Common Iliac Artery.- Chapter 97- External Iliac Artery.- Chapter 98- Inferior Epigastric Artery.- Chapter 99- Deep Circumflex Artery.- Chapter 100- Internal Iliac Artery.- Chapter 101- Iliolumbar Artery.- Chapter 102- Lateral Sacral Artery.- Chapter 103- Superior Vesical Artery.- Chapter 104- Obturator Artery.- Chapter 105- Inferior Vesical/Vaginal Artery.- Chapter 106- Uterine Artery.- Chapter 107- Middle Rectal Artery.- Chapter 108- Internal Pudendal Artery.- Chapter 109- Gluteal Arteries.- Part 8.2: Veins.- Chapter 110- Internal Iliac Veins.- Part 8.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 111- Lymphatics of the Pelvis and Perineum.- Part 9: Vessels of the Shoulder and Arm.- Part 9.1: Arteries.- Chapter 112- Subclavian Artery.- Chapter 113- Thyrocervical Trunk.- Chapter 114- Dorsal Scapular Artery.- Chapter 115- Axillary Artery.- Chapter 116- Superior Thoracic Artery.- Chapter 117- Thoracoacromial Artery.- Chapter 118- Lateral Thoracic Artery.- Chapter 119- Subscapular Artery.- Chapter 120- Humeral Circumflex Arteries.- Chapter 121- Brachial Artery.- Part 9.2: Veins.- Chapter 122- Veins of the Shoulder and Arm.- Part 9.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 123- Lymphatics of the Shoulder and Arm.- Part 10: Vessels of the Forearm,. Part 10.1: Arteries.- Chapter 124- Ulnar Artery.- Chapter 125- Radial Artery.- Chapter 126- Radial Recurrent Artery.- Chapter 127- Ulnar Recurrent Artery.- Chapter 128- Interosseous Arteries.- Part 10.2: Veins.- Chapter 129- Veins of the Forearm.- Part 10.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 130- Lymphatics of the Forearm.- Part 11: Vessels of the Hand.- Part 11.1: Arteries.- Chapter 131- Palmar Arches.- Chapter 132- Digital Arteries.- Part 11.2: Veins.- Chapter 133- Veins of the Hand.- Part 11.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter134- Lymphatics of the Hand.- Part 12: Vessels of the Thigh.- Part 12.1: Arteries.- Chapter 135- Femoral Artery.- Chapter 136- Deep Femoral Artery.- Chapter 137- Obturator Artery.- Part 12.2: Veins.- Chapter 138- Veins of the Hand.- Part 12.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 139- Lymphatics of the Hand.- Part 13: Vessels of the Leg.- Part 13.1: Arteries.- Chapter 140- Anterior Tibial Artery.- Chapter 141- Posterior Tibial Artery.- Chapter 142- Common Fibular Artery.- Chapter 143- Popliteal Artery.- Part 13.2: Veins.- Chapter 144- Veins of the Leg.- Part 13.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 145- Lymphatics of the Leg.- Part 14: Vessels of the Foot.- Part 14.1: Arteries.- Chapter 146- Dorsalis Pedis.- Chapter 147- Posterior Tibial Artery.- Chapter 148- Arcuate Artery.- Chapter 149- Plantar Arch,. Part 14.2: Veins.- Chapter 150- Veins of the Foot.- Part 14.3: Lymphatics.- Chapter 151- Lymphatics of the Foot.