Sphincters

INTRODUCTION. General Properties of Sphincters (M. Watanabe). Sphincters of the Gastrointestinal Tract: General Properties (S.F. Phillips). Sphincters of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Physical Properties (A. Tottrup, M.J. Mulvany, K. -E. Anderson, A. Forman). INDIVIDUAL SPHINCTERS. Lower Esophagus: Structure and Function (E.E. Daniel). Lower Esophagus: Pathophysiological Aspects (G. Vantrappen and J. Janssens). Pylorus: Myogenic and Neural Control of the Pyloric Sphincter (H. -D. Allescher). Pylorus: Catecholamine Action on Pyloric Sphincter (T. Tomita and M. Syed). Pylorus: The Human Pylorus (R. Heddle and J. Dent). Pylorus: Surgical Considerations (T. Kanaizumi, S. Shiratori, and H. Nakano). Oddi: The Structure of Oddi (G.M. Mawe). Oddi: Innervation of the Oddi's Sphincter (H. Azuma). Oddi: Its Contractile Pattern and Physiological Role in Controlling Bile Flow (H. Suzuki, Y. Momota, R. Hada, M. Sasaki, M. Endoh, and K. Ono). Oddi: Pathophysiology (J. Toouli and G.T.P. Saccone). Ileocecal Sphincter: Physiologic Controls and Role in Gut Function (A. Ouyang). ANUS. Anal Sphincters: Their Electrical Activities and Mechanisms of Neural Regulation (K. Tamura, H. Takahira, and K. Onoe). Clinical Implication of Anal Sphincters and the Rectonal Reflex (J. Yokoyama, S. Namla, and N. Ihara). URINARY TRACT. Sphinteric Mechanisms in Upper Urinary Tract (S. Tsuchida and T. Morita). Urethral Sphincter (T. Morita). Normal Function and Changes in Disease (J.H. Williams and A.F. Brading). IRIS. The Sphincter Pupillae (G. Gabella). Receptors in Iris Sphinctor and Pupillary Size Regulation (I. Takayanagi and T. Hisayama). Electrical Properties of Iris Sphincter (Y. Imaizumi, Y. Furuichi, and M. Watanabe).