Heart Diseases and Echocardiogram

Dr. Prabhakar Venkatram, MD, obtained his medical degree in India and practiced as part of the Indian medical system from the years of 1973-1981. In the United States, he trained and worked at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse and has worked at Crouse Irving Medical Hospital, Community General Hospital, and Woodhull Medical and Mental Health Center. Prior to retirement, Dr. Venkatram was licensed to practice in Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. Dr. Venkatram has dedicated his career to treating patients as an attending as well as training residents. He participated in the Accreditation process for AIMS Education. He also set up a curriculum for the Department of Echocardiography as Program Director in AIMS Education.prior to his retirement.

Dr. Venkatram was affiliated with the following organisations: National Healthcareer Association (NHA), Cardiovascular Credentialling International (CCS), American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS), US Career Institute, American College. prior to his retirement.

Section 1: HEART AND ITS PATHOLOGY.- Chapter 1. Anatomy of the Heart and Related Blood Vessels.- Chapter 2. Physiology of the Heart and Circulation.- Chapter 3. Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds: Aid in Diagnosis and Relationship to Echocardiogram.- Chapter 4. Cardiac Chambers, Inter Atrial Septum and Inter Ventricular Septum: Changes and Aid in Diagnosis.- Chapter 5. Mitral Valve: Stenosis, Regurgitation and Both.- Chapter 6. Other Pathologies of Mitral Valve: Congenital, Acquired, Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 7. Aortic Valve: Stenosis, Regurgitation and Both.- Chapter 8. Other Pathologies of Aortic Valve: Congenital, Acquired, Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 9. Tricuspid Valve: Stenosis, Regurgitation and Both.- Chapter 10. Other Pathologies of Tricuspid Valve: Congenital, Acquired, Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 11. Pulmonary Valve: Stenosis, Regurgitation and Both.- Chapter 12. Other Pathologies of Pulmonary Valve: Congenital, Acquired, Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 13. Atrial Septal Defect: Types, Hemodynamic Changes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 14. Ventricular Septal Defect: Types, Hemodynamic Changes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 15. Endocarditis.- Chapter 16. Myocarditis.- Chapter 17. Pericarditis: Types, Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 18. Pericardial Effusion, Cardiac Tamponade, Echocardiographic Diagnosis and Treatment Options.- Chapter 19. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Types, Echocardiographic Findings, Complications and Treatment Options.- Chapter 20. Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic Findings, Complications and Treatment options.- Chapter 21. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic Findings, Complications and Treatment options.- Chapter 22. Tumors of the Heart: Benign, Malignant and Metastatic.- Chapter 23. Connective Tissue Disorders, Systemic Diseases and Echocardiographic Changes. Trauma to The Heart and Structures Affected.- Chapter 24. Corona Virus Infection and the Heart.- Chapter 25. Diseases of the Aorta, Coronary Arteries and Pulmonary Arteries.- Chapter 26. Diseases of the Pulmonary Veins, Venae Cavae and Coronary Sinus.- Chapter 27. Systemic Hypertension and Echocardiographic Findings.- Chapter 28. Pulmonary Hypertension and Echocardiographic Findings.- Chapter 29. Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction.- Chapter 30. Congenital Heart Defects (other than ASD, VSD).- Chapter 31. Cardiac Operations, Valve Replacements, Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-prosthetic and Metallic Valves.- Chapter 32. Systolic Dysfunction, Heart Failure and Echocardiographic Findings, Effect on Ejection Fraction, Treatment Options.- Chapter 33. Diastolic Dysfunction: Grades, Pathology, Significance, Echocardiographic Findings and Treatment Options.- Section 2: ECHOCARDIOGRAM PROCEDURE & DIAGNOSIS.- Chapter 34. Echocardiogram.- Chapter 35. Preparing for Echocardiographic Examination of the Patient, Doing, Recording and Reporting Findings.- Chapter 36. The Echocardiogram Machine and The Different Knobs to get an Optimal Image.- Chapter 37. The Three Basic Modes of Echocardiogram.- Chapter 38. The Different Echocardiographic Windows and Protocol for Echocardiogram.- Chapter 39. Parasternal Long Axis (PLAX) View.- Chapter 40. Parasternal Short Axis (PSAX) View.- Chapter 41. Apical Window.- Chapter 42. Subcostal Window.- Chapter 43. Suprasternal Window.- Chapter 44. Right Ventricular Inflow Tract (RVIT) View.- Chapter 45. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) View.- Chapter 46. Normal and Abnormal Value Ranges and Degrees.- Chapter 47. Formulae used in Echocardiogram.- Chapter 48. The use of 2D in Heart Conditions.- Chapter 49. The use of M mode in Heart Conditions.- Chapter 50. Doppler Study of The Heart (Spectral) in Different Pathologic Conditions and Measurements.- Chapter 51. The use of Color Doppler to Diagnose and Grade Flow Pathology in Different Pathological Conditions.- Chapter 52. Identifying Emergency Findings and Reporting immediately.- Chapter 53. Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE), Harmonics and Contrast Echocardiogram.- Chapter 54. 3D Echocardiogram, Intra Cardiac Echocardiogram (ICE) and Intra Vascular Ultrasound (IVUS).- Chapter 55. The link between Echocardiogram and Electrocardiogram.- Chapter 56. Other Diagnostic Modalities, Advantages and Disadvantages in Different Pathologic conditions.