The Essential Howard Gardner on Mind

Howard Gardner, best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, is the Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Among his numerous honors, Gardner received a MacArthur Prize Fellowship, the Grawemeyer Prize in Education, a fellowship from the John S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Prince of Asturias Award in the Social Sciences, and the American Educational Research Association’s Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award. His books include The Essential Howard Gardner on Education.

Contents


Acknowledgments  xi


Introduction  1


Influences


1.  Jean Piaget: The Psychologist as Renaissance Man  7

The Philosopher’s Shadow  9


2.  Jerome Seymour Bruner: Cognitive Psychology Enters the Educational Arena  10

References  14


3.  Project Zero: Nelson Goodman’s Legacy in Arts Education  15

What of Goodman’s Legacy to Project Zero?  20

References  21


4.  Norman Geschwind as a Creative Scientist  22

References  25


Early Work


5.  Piaget and Lévi-Strauss: The Quest for Mind  29

References  41


6.  From Mode to Symbol: Thoughts on the Genesis of the Arts  42

References  50


7.  Note on Selective Imitation by a 6-Week-Old Infant  53

Judith Gardner and Howard Gardner

Reference  54


8.  Children’s Sensitivity to Painting Styles  55


Developmental Psychology


9.  Style Sensitivity in Children  59

Style Detection in the Adult  63

Problems  66

Relation to Cognition  67

References  68


10.  The Development of Metaphoric Understanding  69

Ellen Winner, Anne K. Rosenstiel, and Howard Gardner

Reference  71


11.  First Intimations of Artistry  72

Howard Gardner and Ellen Winner

The Enigma of Early Artistic Production  72

Early Metaphors  74

First Drawings  78

Patterns of Development in Literary and Graphic Realms  81

Portraying the Skills of the Young Child: A First Draft of Artistry  82

Two Facets of Artistry  86

References  88


12.  Developmental Psychology After Piaget: An Approach in Terms of Symbolization  89

Introduction: The Piagetian Enterprise  89

Critiques of the Piagetian Enterprise  90

Symbolization: A Starting Point  92

Relation to Other Lines of Inquiry  95

References  97


Introduction to the Study of Brain Damage


13.  The Contribution of Operativity to Naming Capacity  103

Abstract  103

Discussion  103


14.  Bee but Not Be: Oral Reading of Single Words in Aphasia and Alexia  105

Abstract  105

Findings  106

Reference  107


15.  The Comprehension of Metaphor in Brain-Damaged Patients  108

Ellen Winner and Howard Gardner

Discussion  110

In Sum  111

Acknowledgment  112

Reference  112


16.  The Stories of the Right Hemisphere: Missing the Point  113

The Stories of the Right Hemisphere  113


Introduction to Multiple Intelligences


17.  In a Nutshell  121

What Constitutes an Intelligence?  123

The Original Set of Intelligences  124

Newly Identified Intelligences  130

The Unique Contributions of the Theory  132

Conclusion  134

References  134


18.  A “Smart” Lexicon  135

References  137


19.  Artistic Intelligences  138

Reference  142


20.  Who Owns Intelligence?  143

References  151


Cognition


21.  Definition and Scope of Cognitive Science  155


22.  Scientific Psychology: Should We Bury It or Praise It?  157

The Emerging Disciplinary Topography  159

The Surviving Center  160

Whither Psychologists?  162

References  163


Heights of Cognition: Creativity


23.  Seven Creators of the Modern Era  167

The Problem  167

Two Promising Approaches  168

A Preliminary Definition  169

A Research Program  170

Where Is Creativity?  171

The Person  173

The Domain  173

The Field  174

Tensions Across Nodes  174

Developmental Perspective  175

Features That Characterize Creative Individuals  176

References  178


24.  Creativity: The View From Big C and the Introduction of Tiny c  179

Howard Gardner and Emily Weinstein

Background  179

The Twenty-First Century: Three Challenges  181

Emily  182

Toward “Tiny c”  184

References  186


Leadership


25.  Leadership: An Overview  189

What Is a Leader?  189

A Study of Leaders  191

The Intelligences of a Leader  192

Leaders Take Risks, Defy Authority  193

Leaders Try and Fail . . . and Then Try Again, Quite Possibly With a Different Tack  194

A Leader and Authenticity  195

Indirect Leaders: Creative Minds  196

Three Lessons  197

Defeat Is an Opportunity  198

Reference  198


26.  On Good Leadership: Reflections on Leading Minds After Three Decades  199

An Approach to Good Leadership  200

Reference  201


27.  Changing Minds: 80/20 and Five Rs  202

Mental Representations: The 80/20 Principle  202

1. Reason  205

2. Research  205

3. Resonance  205

By the Way: Rhetoric  206

4. Representational Redescriptions (Redescriptions for Short)  206

5. Resources and Rewards  206

6. Real-World Events  207

7. Resistances  207

References  208


Positive Uses of Mind: Introduction to Good Work


28.  Tanner Lecture #1: What Is Good Work?  213

References  224


29.  Tanner Lecture #2: Achieving Good Work in Turbulent Times  225

References  234


The Professions


30.  Compromised Work  237


31.  The Lonely Profession  248

With Laura Horn

Evidence of Professional Identity  249

Professional Stance  250

Why Don’t They Identify With Philanthropy?  253

Lonely Work  257


32.  In Defense of Disinterestedness in the Digital Era  262

Terminology  264

The Difference That a Half-Century Can Make  268

Enter the Digital Media  269

References  276


33.  The Future of the Professions  277

Autobiographical Reflection  277

Introducing the Susskinds  279

A Question of Values  281

References  282


Minds of the Future


34.  Five Minds for the Future: An Introduction  285

Disciplined  287

Synthesizing  288

Creating  288

Respectful and Ethical  289

Education in the Large  290

Reference  290


35.  Musings About a Synthesizing Mind  291

An Aside  294

References  295


36.  Some Further Reflections on the Synthesizing Mind  296

References  306


37.  Why the App Generation?  307

Howard Gardner and Katie Davis

Enter Apps  308

References  310


Miscellanea


38.  Human Potential: A Forty-Year Saga  313

References  319


39.  Had I but World Enough and Time  320

The Synthesizing Mind  320

Good Work: The Ethical Perspective  321

Intelligences  322

Education From the Cradle on . . . in the Anthropocene  323

Gratitude  323


Original Publication List  325


Index  329


Permissions  337


About the Author  339