Artificial Intelligence-Based System Models in Healthcare

A. Jose Anand, PhD, is a professor in the Department of ECE, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He obtained his doctorate in information and communication engineering from Anna University in 2017 and has published several papers in national and international journals. He has also authored books on various engineering topics. K. Kalaiselvi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Applications, Saveetha College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. With more than 20 years of teaching and research experience, she has published more than 80 articles in SCI journals, presented more than 20 research papers at international conferences, has been granted a patent based on the Internet of Things applications, and published 10 monographs. In addition, she received the ‘Senior Woman Educator & Scholar Award’ in 2020 from the National Foundation for Entrepreneurship Development. Jyotir Moy Chatterjee, is an assistant professor in the Department of CSE, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Additionally, he is an assistant professor in the Department of IT at the Lord Buddha Education Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. His research interests include machine learning and the Internet of Things. He was also the Young Ambassador of the Scientific Research Group of Egypt for 2020-2021. He has edited many books of which several are with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

Preface xxi

Part I: Introduction to Healthcare Systems 1

1 Role of Technology in Healthcare Systems 3
A. Hency Juliet and K. Kalaiselvi

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Transformation in Healthcare 7

1.3 Technology Transformation in Healthcare Industry 14

1.4 Patient Care Improvement Using Healthcare Technology 16

1.5 Importance of Technology in Healthcare 18

1.6 Technology Impact on Healthcare 19

1.7 Innovation and Digital Transformation 21

1.8 Diagnostics' Role in Combatting Life-Threatening Diseases 23

1.9 Role of Medical Technology in Healthcare 25

1.10 Conclusion 27

2 Health Status Estimation based on Daily Life Activities 31
Josephine Anitha A. and Geetanjali R.

2.1 Introduction 32

2.2 Intersection of Technology and Healthcare 34

2.3 Unveiling the Technologies 38

2.4 Machine Learning Marvels: Unravelling Health Insights From Daily Life Activities 39

2.5 Data Collection and Processing in Daily Life Health Monitoring 41

2.6 Ethical Considerations, Data Privacy, and Regulatory Compliance 44

2.7 Potential Areas of Improvement 46

2.8 Challenges and Opportunities 47

2.9 Conclusion 49

3 Decision Support System in Healthcare Monitoring 55
V. Suganthi and K. Kalaiselvi

3.1 Introduction 56

3.2 Components of a Healthcare Monitoring System 65

3.3 Role of Decision Support System 70

3.4 Challenges in Implementing Decision Support Systems 72

3.5 Future Trends and Innovations 74

3.6 Conclusion 75

4 Vision-Based Management System in Healthcare Applications 79
K. Balasubramanian, Anu Tonk, Seema Bhakuni, S. Anita, Freddy Ajila and S. Sathish Kumar

4.1 Introduction 80

4.2 History 86

4.3 Tear Testing and Ocular Surface Analysis in a Clinical Examination 86

4.4 Other Ocular Surface Health-Related Clinical Examinations 89

4.5 Management of ADDE 95

4.6 Disease-Specific Therapy in ADDE 99

4.7 ADDE With NK 101

4.8 Unmet Needs and Future Directions 101

4.9 Conclusion 102

5 Semantic Framework in Healthcare Systems 107
Pooja Dabhowale, Mukesh Yadav, Nidhi Tiwari, Ruchi Sharma, Jose Anand A. and Irshad Ahamad

5.1 Introduction 108

5.2 Background 109

5.3 Internet of Things 111

5.4 Research Methodology 115

5.5 Theoretical Framework 117

5.6 Data Analysis 120

5.7 Conclusion 125

Part II: AI-Based System Models in Healthcare Applications 131

6 Predictive Analysis in Healthcare Systems 133
J. Sathya and F. Mary Harin Fernandez

6.1 Introduction 134

6.2 Related Work 136

6.3 Proposed System 142

6.4 Provide Support Tools and Visualizations to Aid in the Decision-Making Process 148

6.5 Conclusion 149

7 Machine Learning in Healthcare System 153
A. Hency Juliet and K. Sathya

7.1 Introduction 154

8 Deep Learning Applications in Healthcare Systems 179
V. Sheeja Kumari and Renjith Balu

8.1 Introduction 180

8.2 Fundamentals of Deep Learning 182

8.3 Deep Learning Architecture for Image Classification 194

8.4 Conclusion 200

9 Image Analysis for Health Prediction 205
Pulla Sujarani and K. Kalaiselvi

9.1 Introduction 206

9.2 Overview 208

9.3 Image Preprocessing 209

9.4 Image Filtering 211

9.5 Image Enhancement 213

9.6 Image Segmentation 215

9.7 Feature Extraction 219

9.8 Classification 222

9.9 Conclusion 226

10 Machine Learning in Biomedical Text Processing 229
Shibi Mathai and K. Kalaiselvi

10.1 Introduction 230

10.2 Fundamentals of ML for Text Processing 232

10.3 NLP Techniques in Biomedicine 233

10.4 NLP Techniques in Biomedicine 236

10.5 Feature Engineering and Selection in Biomedical Text 238

10.6 Applications of ML in Biomedical Text Mining 240

10.7 Evaluation Metrics and Model Validation 243

10.8 Ethical Considerations and Data Privacy 245

10.9 Future Directions and Challenges 246

10.10 Conclusion 247

11 Decision Making Biomedical Support System 253
V. Sheeja Kumari, J. Vijila and Renjith Balu

11.1 Introduction 254

11.2 System Architecture and Components 258

11.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 268

11.4 Expert Systems 269

11.5 Statistical Analysis Tools 270

11.6 User Interface 272

11.7 Interactivity for Healthcare Professionals 274

11.8 User-Friendly Design 275

11.9 Summary 277

Part III: Modernization and Future -- Healthcare Applications 281

12 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics with Machine Learning 283
M. Sowmiya, D. Bhanu, K. Shruthi, Punitha Jilt, B. Beaula Pinky and A. Yasmine Begum

12.1 Introduction 284

12.2 Establishing a Smart Sensor Network With the Help of AI 285

12.3 Impact of Nanotechnology and IoMT in Healthcare 292

12.4 Artificial Intelligence’s Impact on the Surgery 297

12.5 The Importance of Artificial Intelligence in Treating Diabetes and Cancer 300

12.6 Challenges and Future Scope 304

12.7 Conclusions 305

13 Predicting Ventilation Needs in Intensive Care Unit 311
Yashini Priyankha S., S. Sumathi, T. Mangavarkarasi, Jose Anand A. and Mithileysh Sathiyanarayanan

13.1 Introduction 312

13.2 AI-Based Predictive Models for Healthcare Ventilation Systems 313

13.3 AI Based Ventilator Weaning Predicting Unit 319

13.4 Predictive Applications of AI in Healthcare 321

13.5 AI Impacts on Ventilation Requirements 323

13.6 ICU and Healthcare Future With AI 324

13.7 Conclusion 325

14 Modernized Health Record Maintenance 329
K. Balasubadra, Franklin Baltodano, Indira Pineda, S. Mayakannan, Eduardo Hernández and Navin M. George

14.1 Introduction 330

14.2 Literature Survey 335

14.3 Materials and Methods 336

14.4 Having a Proper Strategy 345

14.5 A Common Database to be Maintained Like a Repository 345

14.6 The Database Must Have Genuine Data 345

14.7 Case Study and Applications 345

14.8 Conclusion 357

15 Natural Language Processing in Medical Applications 361
V. Prasanna Srinivasan, Evelyn Rosero, P. Sengottuvelan, Abhinav Singhal, Chandraketu Singh and S. Mayakannan

15.1 Introduction 362

15.2 Related Studies on Medical Systems - Use of Machine Learning 363

15.3 Health Data Formats in Medical Systems 365

15.4 Prototype of Algorithms and Data Conversion 367

15.5 Results and Discussion 371

15.6 Conclusions 384

16 Chat Bots for Medical Enquiries 389
K. Saravanan, Indira Pineda, Franklin Baltodano, Krunal Vishavadia, Vanessa Valverde and Jose Anand A.

16.1 Introduction 390

16.2 Artificial Intelligence - Chatbot: Components of Architecture 398

16.3 Artificial Intelligence - Chatbot: Models for Generating a Response 400

16.4 AI Chatbots: Methods and Technologies 402

16.5 A Development of Conversational Agents: State-of-the-Art Chatbots 406

16.6 AI Chatbots: Customer-Based Services 414

16.7 AI-Chatbots: Public Administration-Based Services 417

16.8 Chatbot Performance Evaluation 419

16.9 Conclusion 421

17 Secured Health Insurance Management 425
A. Ravisankar, P. Manikandan, Iskandar Muda, Shrinivas V. Kulkarni, Rolando Marcel Torres Castillo and Jose Anand A.

17.1 Introduction 426

17.2 Methods 431

17.3 Results 436

17.4 Discussion 440

17.5 Conclusion 445

18 Future of Healthcare Applications 449
Vettrivel Arul, Hitendra Kumar Lautre, T. Priya, Satish Kumar Verma, Freddy Ajila and Ramu Samineni

18.1 Introduction 450

18.2 A History of Blockchain Technology (1991 - 2021) 454

18.3 Motivations 457

18.4 Topmost Healthcare Projects in Blockchain Technology Based on Market Capital 459

18.5 Healthcare Applications for Blockchain Technology 463

18.6 Research Challenges and Future Direction 476

18.7 Conclusion 479

References 480

Index 483