International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications.

Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene
1. COVID-19 and mortality in children
Milind Shinde, Anu Maheshwari, and Harish K. Pemde
2. Congenital and perinatal COVID-19: Diagnostic challenges, current management, and
outcomes
Angeliki Kontou, Eleftheria Hatzidaki, Kosmas Sarafidis, Gabriel Dimitriou, and Despoina Gkentzi
3. COVID-19 vaccine strategies
Amin Gasmi, Yuliya Semenova, Sadaf Noor, Amine Nehaoua, Rafiaa Malek, Habib Malek, and Geir Bjørklund
4. Social and community responses to public health and social measures for COVID-19: Community engagement for risk preparedness
Gary Ka-Ki Chung and Eng-Kiong Yeoh

Section B: International aspects
5. The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Ecological background and epidemiological dynamics
Marino Gatto and Stefano Miccoli
6 COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria
Ademola Aiyenuro, Chijioke Obiwe Onyeani, Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Promise Udohchukwu Okereke, Deborah Oluwaseun Shomuyiwa, Nneka Catherine Uche, Nafisat Dasola Jimoh, Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Udochiamaka Amarauche Chukwu, and Samuel Ogunsola
7. A bird’s eye view of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: The past, present, and future
Dhruv S. Gupta, Manoj Aswar, and Maushmi S. Kumar
8. COVID-19 pandemic in Europe Małgorzata Gruchoła and Małgorzata
Sławek-Czochra
9. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez, Carlos Miguel López-Mendoza, Ana Jared Tenorio-Salazar, Rogelio Flores-Ramírez, and Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
10. COVID-19 in Sudan: A multiperspective review
Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed
11. Asymptomatic infection by SARSCoV-2 at the beginning of the epidemic in Cuba: Evidence from
case series
Elba Cruz Rodríguez, Niurka Molina Águila, Waldemar Baldoquin Rodríguez, Belkys María Galindo Santana, and María G. Guzmán
12. Stress and anxiety due to COVID-19 in India
Vidit Singh and Snigdha Awasthi
13. COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: A focus on medical management
Kyoo-Man Ha and Young T. Kim
14. Stigma experienced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Global and Egyptian
perspectives
Aya Mostafa and Nashwa Ismail Basyoni

Section C: Reproduction, pregnancy and new-borns
15. The COVID-19 pandemic and breastfeeding
Bindi Borg and Karleen Gribble
16. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility
Dalhia Abramovich, Yamila Herrero, Mayra Bordaquievich, Melanie Neira, and Fernanda Parborell
17. Fetal death due to maternal COVID-19
Munekage Yamaguchi
18. The COVID-19 pandemic and identification of SARS-CoV-2 in the prostate
Katherine Campbell, Nikhil Kulkarni, Braian Ledesma, Farah Rahman, Kyle Schuppe, Mohammed Zarli, Kajal Khodamoradi, and Ranjith Ramasamy
19. COVID-19 in pregnant women: Clinical course, treatment, and maternal/fetal outcome of vaccination during pregnancy
Cinzia Auriti, Chiara Maddaloni, and Domenico Umberto De Rose
20. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies and their vertical
transfer
Jeremy D. Ward
21. COVID-19 vaccination during lactation
Amit Srivastava
22. Being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of the trimester of gestation and measures of maternal mental health
Narimene Ait Belkacem, Jessica Gorgui, and Anick Bérard
23. COVID-19 related maternal mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variants
Arzu Bilge Tekin and Bilge Dogan Taymur
24. COVID-19-associated complications in pregnant women and neonates
Taylor DeAnnuntis, Jahnea Williams, Paul Burcher, Tamara Snyder, Rahul Kashyap, and Vikas Bansal
25. SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on the developing fetal neurologic system
Kartik Mody, Christine Wade, and Becky Micetic
26. Impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the placenta
Kendall Moore, Rebecca H. Jessel, Jia Chen, and Corina Lesseur

Section D: Children and adolescents
27. T cells and their subsets in children with COVID-19
Abdurrahman Simsek, Muhammed Ali Kızmaz, and Ferah Budak
28. Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2
Stanisław Surma, Joanna Lewek, and Maciej Banach
29. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutritional status of children
Sharika Nuzhat and Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
30. COVID-19 in children: Nutrition care
Patrícia Zamberlan, Beatriz Polisel Mazzoni, Ana Lúcia Capelari Lahoz, Maria Lúcia Barbosa Maia dos Santos, Camila Nozella, and Artur Figueiredo Delgado
31. Eating disorders in children during the COVID-19 pandemic
Marchili Maria Rosaria, Giulia Spina, Cristina Mascolo, and Alberto Villani
32. Body composition in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Short and long term consequences
Elisabetta Di Profio, Elvira Verduci, and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
33. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and childhood obesity
Maira Alejandra Ortiz-Pinto, Honorato Ortiz Marrón, and Miguel Pedromingo Kuss
34. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown and the post-COVID-19 effects on
the family system of children with disabilities
Bekir Fatih Meral
35. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ordinary vaccination programs for very young children: BCG, MMR, poliomyelitis, and beyond
Guilherme Silveira Procianoy and Rita C Silveira
36. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children
Zheng Quan Toh, Nadia Mazarakis, and Paul V. Licciardi
37. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: How physical fitness changes in children
Eliseo Iglesias-Soler, Jessica Rial-Vázquez, María Rúa-Alonso, Iván Nine, and Iván Clavel
38. The COVID-19 pandemic and children: Impact on physical activity
Olena Yelizarova, Svitlana Hozak, Tetiana Stankevych, Nadiya Polka, Alla Koblianska, Alla Parats, and Olha Ivanovska
39. The COVID-19 pandemic and stress related to schooling
Xue Yang and Kylie K.Y. Chan
40. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Christina L. Robillard, Alice Shen, and Brianna J. Turner
41. The COVID-19 pandemic: Attending to hand hygiene measures in young people
(a review of different studies)
Anna Espart, Luisa Guitard-Sein Echaluce, Maria Barcenilla-Guitard, Alba Guitard-Quer, and Fernando Barcenilla
42. Child and adolescent COVID-19 vaccination: Trends, hesitancy, and strategies for increasing vaccination
Kimberly H. Nguyen, Lavanya Vasudevan, and Robert A. Bednarczyk
43. Social distancing behavior and mental health in US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ming-Te Wang, Christina L. Scanlon, Ashley Sunjae Lee, and Ariana C. Henderson
44. Thrombotic complications in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Clay T. Cohen, Dalia A. Bashir, and Sarah E. Sartain
45. Features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children: A focus on magnetic resonance imaging of the heart
Łukasz A. Małek
46. SARS-CoV-2 infection and the cytokine levels and pathway in children: An updated narrative
Tsvetelina Velikova and Snezhina Lazova

Section E: Older adults
47. Risk factors related to COVID-19 among older adults
Eva M. Satué-Gracia, Albert del Pozo-Niubo, María-José Forcadell-Peris, Cinta de Diego-Cabanes, Angel Vila-Córcoles, and Francisco M. Martín-Luján
48. Reducing loneliness and social isolation among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic
Xiangfei Meng, Muzi Li, and Yingying Su
49. Features and measures of depression in the elderly and the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic: Linking in preexisting mental health
Omar Paccagnella
50. Experiences of disabled older adults in adult day care centers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Takashi Naruse
51. Using single-cell analysis to investigate disease severity in elderly patients with COVID-19
Sherine K. Saber, Ahmed S. Abouhashem, Ahmed A. Elbaz, Sedat Kacar, Kanhaiya Singh, Chandan K. Sen, and Hassan M.E. Azzazy
52. COVID-19 and older adult food practices: A social determinants of health perspective
Sarah L. Francis, Catherine S. Rudolph, and Savannah Schultz
53. Older subjects and immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
Piotr Seiffert and Dorota Religa
54. Noninvasive respiratory support in octogenarian patients with COVID-19
Federico Lionello, Gabriella Guarnieri, Giovanna Arcaro, Sara Lococo, and Andrea Vianello

Section F: Case studies with mini review
55. Case study: COVID-19 severity in diabetic patients with and without seizure
Budhadev Baral, Kartik Muduli, Shweta Jakhmola, Vaishali Saini, Pratik Kundu, Nikunj Kumar Rout, Shubhransu Patro, Nirmal Kumar Mohakud, and Hem Chandra Jha
56. Case study: Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and their social impact in Japan
Makoto Niwa, Shintaro Sengoku, and Kota Kodama
57. Case study: Factors affecting vaccine uptake—Australian perspectives
Jessica Carter and Erika Borkoles
58. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an older disabled person
Takashi Naruse
59. COVID-19 in the newborn: Clinical course and effects of maternal vaccination in pregnancy
Cinzia Auriti, Chiara Maddaloni, and Domenico Umberto De Rose

Section G: Resources
60. Recommended resources for the international and life course aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Rajkumar Rajendram, Daniel Gyamfi, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy