3D Bioprinting from Lab to Industry

Prosenjit Saha, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research (JISIASR) at the JIS University, India Sabu Thomas, PhD, is a Professor in the School of Energy Materials, School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Science and International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India and a Distinguished Professor of Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa. He is also the Chairman of TrEST Research Park, Trivandrum, Kerala, India Jinku Kim, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering at Hongik University, Republic of Korea. Manojit Ghosh, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering in the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, India

List of Contributors xv

Foreword xxi
Ajoy Kumar Ray

1 Introduction of 3D Printing and Different Bioprinting Methods 1
Asmita Biswas, Baisakhee Saha, Hema Bora, Pravin Vasudeo Vaidya, Krishna Dixit, and Santanu Dhara

1.1 Introduction of 3D Printing: Principles and Utility 1

1.2 Ink Preparation and Printability 2

1.3 Methods of Bioprinting in Fabrication and Tissue Engineering 5

1.4 Scaffold Modeling and G Coding 16

1.5 Applications and Utility in Large- Scale Manufacturing 18

1.6 Complications and Troubleshooting 25

References 27

2 Cellular Requirements and Preparation for Bioprinting 39
Shalini Dasgupta, Vriti Sharma, and Ananya Barui

2.1 Introduction 39

2.2 Types of Bioprinting 40

2.3 Features Required for Bioprinting with Cells 44

2.4 Bioprinting Methodologies for Cell Expansion and Proliferation 55

2.5 The Impact of Bioprinting Process Conditions on Phenotype Alterations 57

2.6 Discussion 68

2.7 Conclusion 69

2.8 Future Prospects 69

References 70

3 3D Bioprinting: Materials for Bioprinting Bioinks Selection 85
Mona Moaness and Mostafa Mabrouk

3.1 Introduction 85

3.2 Bioprinting Materials 87

3.3 Bioinks Selectivity Guide 90

3.4 Classification of Bioprinting Materials 94

3.5 3D Bioprinting Methods According to the Type of the Bioinks 100

3.6 Bioinks Selection According to Biomedical Application 102

3.7 Multicomponent Bioinks 106

3.8 Future Prospects 107

References 107

4 Printed Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 119
Thara Tom, Samanta Sam, Josmin P. Jose, M.S. Sreekala, and Sabu Thomas

4.1 Introduction 119

4.2 Biomedical Application of 3D Printing 120

4.3 Tissue Engineering: Emerging Applications by 3D Printing 128

4.4 Conclusions 136

References 136

5 Printability and Shape Fidelity in Different Bioprinting Process 143
Prajisha Prabhakar, Aiswarya Sathian, and Sabu Thomas

5.1 Introduction 143

5.2 Fundamentals of Printability 144

5.3 Bioprinting Techniques and Printability 146

5.4 Shape Fidelity 152

5.5 Case Studies and Applications 161

5.6 Conclusion 163

References 163

6 Advancements in Bioprinting for Medical Applications 169
Kevin Y. Wu, Maxine Joly- Chevrier, Laura K. Gorwill, Michael Marchand, and Simon D. Tran

6.1 Introduction 169

6.2 Bioprinting for Drug Development and Testing 170

6.3 Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering, Regenerative Medicine, and Organ Transplantation 183

6.4 Bioprinting in Tissue: Challenges, Barriers to Clinical Translation, and Future Directions 215

6.5 Conclusions 218

Acknowledgments 218

References 219

7 4D-Printed, Smart, Multiresponsive Structures and Their Applications 231
Jinku Kim, D.A. Gouripriya, and Prosenjit Saha

7.1 Introduction 231

7.2 4D- Printing Technologies 232

7.3 Biomaterials for 4D Bioprinting 234

7.4 Biomedical Applications for 4D Bioprinting 239

7.5 Future Perspectives 244

References 246

8 Toxicity Aspects and Ethical Issues of Bioprinting 251
Noura Al Hashimi and Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman

8.1 Introduction 251

8.2 Toxicity Issues in Bioprinting 253

8.3 Ethical Issues in Bioprinting 255

8.4 Issues in Clinical Trials 259

8.5 Legal Issues in Bioprinting 262

8.6 Conclusion 265

References 266

9 Planning Bioprinting Project 273
Anish Deb, Prosenjit Saha, and Debashis Sarkar

9.1 Introduction 273

9.2 Background: Image Capturing and Solid Model Preparation of Virtual Anatomical Model for 3D Printing 275

9.3 Conclusion 296

References 297

10 Computational Engineering for 3D Bioprinting: Models, Methods, and Emerging Technologies 301
Vidyapati Kumar, Ankita Mistri, Varnit Jain, and Manojit Ghosh

10.1 Introduction 301

10.2 Fundamentals of Numerical Methods in Bioprinting 306

10.3 Application of Machine Learning for 3D Bioprinting 312

10.4 Summary 315

References 317

11 Controlling Factors of Bioprinting 323
Mridula Sreedharan, D.A. Gouripriya, Ankita Deb, Yves Grohens, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Prosenjit Saha, and Sabu Thomas

11.1 Introduction 323

11.2 Factors Influencing the Printability of Hydrogel Bioink 324

11.3 Bioink Formulation 327

11.4 Influence of Printing Process on Cell Behavior 328

11.5 Importance of Patterning and Surface Topography 330

11.6 Contact Guidance and Directional Growth of Cells 337

11.7 Cell Viability and Mitigation Process 339

11.8 Possible Mitigation Techniques 342

11.9 Conclusion 342

References 343

12 In Situ Bioprinting 347
Mina Mina, Kevin Y. Wu, Ananda Kalevar, and Simon D. Tran

12.1 Introduction 347

12.2 Advantages of In Situ Bioprinting 348

12.3 In Situ Bioprinting Technologies 351

12.4 Bioinks and Biomaterials for In Situ Bioprinting 362

12.5 In Situ Approaches for Tissue Regeneration 364

12.6 Future Directions 379

12.7 Conclusion 381

Acknowledgments 382

References 382

13 Importance of Machine Learning in 3D Bioprinting 391
Shohreh Vanaei, Saeedeh Vanaei, Michèle Kanhonou, Sofiane Khelladi, Abbas Tcharkhtchi, and Hamid Reza Vanaei

13.1 Introduction 391

13.2 3D Bioprinting 392

13.3 Machine Learning in 3D Bioprinting 399

13.4 Challenges in 3D Bioprinting Process Using ML 404

13.5 Future Outlook 405

13.6 Summary and Conclusion 406

References 407

14 Advanced Bioprinting for the Future 411
D.A. Gouripriya, Soumyadeep Bera, Jaideep Adhikari, Poonam Debnath, Prosenjit Saha, and Sabu Thomas

14.1 Introduction 411

14.2 Electrospinning and Bioprinting 412

14.3 4D Printing 413

14.4 5D and 6D Printing 418

14.5 Organ Printing 421

14.6 Vascularized Organ on a Chip 424

14.7 Multimaterial Bioprinting 426

14.8 Printing in Microgravity 429

14.9 In Vivo Bioprinting 430

14.10 Biohybrid Robots 432

14.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 434

References 435

15 Nanomaterials for Designing Functional Properties of Bioinks 441
Laila Hussein, Mostafa Mabrouk, Mohamed G. Farahat, and Hanan H. Beherei

15.1 3D- Bioprinting 441

15.2 Designing Functional Bioinks Using Nanoscale Biomaterials 443

15.3 Synthesis and Tailoring the Properties of Nanobioinks 456

15.4 Nanobioinks and Tissue Engineering 460

15.5 Future Outlook 462

References 463

16 3D Bioprinting from Lab to Industry 475
Saeedeh Vanaei, Shohreh Vanaei, Michèle Kanhonou, Abbas Tcharkhtchi, and Hamid Reza Vanaei

16.1 Introduction 475

16.2 3D Bioprinting and Its Historical Point of View 477

16.3 Potential of 3D Bioprinting from Lab to Industry 478

16.4 The Diversity of 3D Bioprinting 479

16.5 3D Bioprinting and Human Hearts 486

16.6 3D Bioprinting and Microfluidic Organ- on- a-Chip Models 488

16.7 Future Developments 490

References 490

Index 493