Atlas of Sciatica

Ali Akhaddar, MD, IFAANS, Department of Neurosurgery, Avicenne Military Hospital of Marrakech, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

Part I. General Considerations.- Definition and Historical Aspects of Sciatica.- Anatomy and Physiology of Normal Sciatic Nerve.- Epidemiology of Sciatica.- Classifications of Sciatica.- Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Sciatica.- Main Clinical Presentations of Sciatica.- Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Sciatica.- Differential Diagnosis of Extraspinal Sciatica.- Paraclinic Evaluations of Sciatica.- No Surgical Treatment of Sciatica (medications, physical therapy, therapeutic injections, alternative therapies).- Surgical Treatment of Sciatica.- Evolution and Prognosis.- Postoperative Complications.- Part II. Lumbosacral Discogenic Sciatica.- Contained Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Migration of Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Sequestration of Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Central Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Lateral (subarticular) Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Foraminal Lumbar Disc Herniation.- ExtraforaminalLumbar Disc Herniation.- Giant (massive) Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Intradural Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Posterior Epidural Migration of Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Posterior Ring Apophysis Separation.- Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Postoperative Sciatica.- Discal Cysts.- Part III. Lumbosacral Non-Discogenic Sciatica.- Spondylosis (degeneration of the lumbar spine).- Spinal Stenosis.- Spondylolysis.- Spondylolisthesis.- Spondyloarthropathies (spondyloarthritis).- Rheumatoid arthritis.- Scoliosis.- Lumbosacral extraforaminal stenosis.- Bertolotti syndrome.- Epidural Gas.- Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Spinal Cord/Vertebrae.- Dural Ectasia.- Meningeal Diverticulum and Tarlov cysts.- Arachnoid cysts.- Dural and Intradural Tumors (and pseudotumors).- Conus medullaris Tumors/Lesions.- Extradural non-vertebral Tumors (and pseudotumors).- Granulomatous lesions (histiocytosis).- Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis.- Solitary Vertebral Tumors/Lesions.- Multifocal Vertebral Tumors/Lesions.- Epidural Hematoma.- Subdural Hematoma.- Subarachnoid hematoma.- Vascular Lesions.- Synovial Cyst of the Facet Joints.- Ligamentum Flavum Lesions Cysts.- Ligamentum Flavum Calcification/Ossification.- Ligamentum Flavum Hematoma.- Baastrup disease.- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Cysts.- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Ossifications.- Arachnoiditis Ossificans.- Spinal lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis.- Fibrous Adhesive Entrapment of Lumbosacral Nerve Roots.- Conjoined nerve root.- Cordonal Sciatica.- Vertebral osteomyelitis and Spondylodiscitis.- Spinal epidural abscesses.- Spinal subdural abscesses.- Traumatic Lesions (Lumbosacral injuries).- Pathologic Fractures (Tumoral and osteoporotic).- Lumbosacral Iatrogenic Lesions .- Spinal Hygromas.- Part IV.Extraspinal (non-spinal) Sciatica.- Abdominopelvic and Retroperitoneal Lesions.- Extraspinal Vascular Lesions.- Varicose sciatica.- Lumbosacral Plexuses.- Extraspinal Lesions of the Sciatic Nerve.- Peripheral Entrapment Neuropathies.- Piriformis Syndrome.- Truncal Sciatica.- Peripheral Neuropathies.- Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Infection.- Extraspinal Musculoskeletal Lesions.- Pregnancy.- Diving accident.- Extraspinal Traumatic Lesions.- Extraspinal Iatrogenic Lesions.- Intramuscular Gluteal Injection.- Extraspinal Iatrogenic Sciatica.- Psychiatric Disorders and Psychological overlay.- Idiopathic Sciatica.