Clark's Pocket Handbook for Radiographers

A Stewart Whitley, Radiology Advisor, UK Radiology Advisory Services, Preston, Lancashire, UK and Former Director of Professional Practice, International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT) Charles Sloane, Principal Lecturer and Professional Lead for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK Gail Jefferson, Senior Lecturer and Programme Lead for Diagnostic Radiography, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster; Reporting Radiographer, North Cumbria Integrated Care, Carlisle, UK Ken Holmes, formerly Senior Lecturer, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK. Craig Anderson, Senior Lecturer, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster; Clinical Tutor and Reporting Radiographer, Furness General Hospital, Cumbria, UK

Section 1 Key Aspects of Radiographic Practice

Anatomical Terminology

Positioning Terminology

Projection Terminology

The Importance of Optimisation and Exposure Factors

Evaluating Exposure In Digital Imaging

Geometry of Image Production

Patient Journey and examination timeline

General Considerations for Digital Radiographic Examinations

Patient identity and Consent

Justification of the examination

Radiation Protection

Medical Exposure and Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)

Standard Operating Procedure for patients of Reproductive Capacity

Evaluating Images: 'The 10-point plan'

Guidelines for the Assessment of Trauma Images

Theatre Radiography

Ward Radiography

Bariatric Imaging

Section 2 Radiographic Projections

Abdomen – Antero-Posterior Supine

Abdomen Antero-Posterior – Left Lateral Decubitus

Acromioclavicular Joint

Ankle – Antero-Posterior/ Mortise Joint

Ankle – Lateral

Calcaneum – Axial

Cervical Spine – Antero- Posterior C3–C7

Cervical Spine – Antero- Posterior C1–C2 ‘Open Mouth’

Cervical Spine – Lateral Erect

Cervical Spine – Lateral ‘Swimmers’

Cervical Spine – Lateral Supine

Cervical Spine – Posterior Oblique

Cervical Spine – Flexion and Extension

Chest – Postero-anterior

Chest – Antero-posterior (Erect)

Chest – Lateral

Chest – Supine (Anteroposterior)

Chest – Mobile/ Portable (Antero-posterior)

Chest - Mobile (Posterior-anterior - Prone)

Clavicle – Postero-anterior

Clavicle – Infero-superior

Elbow – Antero-posterior

Elbow AP – Antero-Posterior alternative Projections for Trauma

Elbow – Lateral

Facial Bones – Occipito-mental (OM)

Facial Bones – Occipito-mental 30-degree Caudal (OM 30)

Femur – Antero-posterior

Femur – Lateral

Fingers – Dorsi-palmar

Fingers – Lateral Index and Middle Fingers

Fingers – Lateral Ring and Little Fingers

Foot – Dorsi-plantar

Foot – Dorsi-plantar Oblique

Foot – Lateral Erect

Forearm – Antero-posterior

Forearm – Lateral

Hand – Dorsi-palmar

Hand – Dorsi-palmar Oblique

Hand – Lateral

Hip: AP (Antero-posterior) – Single Hip

Hip – Lateral Air-gap Technique (Trauma)

Hip - Lateral Neck of Femur

Hip – Posterior Oblique (Lauenstein’s)

Hips (Both) – Lateral (‘Frog’s Legs’ Position)

Humerus – Antero-posterior

Humerus – Lateral

Knee – Antero-posterior

Knee – Lateral (Basic)

Knee – Horizontal Beam Lateral (Trauma)

Knee – Tunnel/Intercondylar Notch

Knee – ‘Skyline’ Patellar (Supero-inferior)

Lumbar Spine – Antero-posterior

Lumbar Spine – Lateral

Lumbar Spine – Oblique

Lumbo-sacral Junction (L5–S1) – Lateral

Mandible – Postero-anterior

Mandible – Lateral Oblique 30-degree Cranial

Orbits – Occipito-mental (Modified)

Orthopantomography (OPG/DPT)

Pelvis AP Antero-posterior

Sacro-iliac Joints – Postero-anterior

Sacrum – Antero-posterior

Sacrum – Lateral

Scaphoid Postero-anterior with Ulnar Deviation

Scaphoid – Anterior Oblique with Ulnar Deviation

Scaphoid – Posterior Oblique

Scaphoid – Postero-anterior, Ulnar Deviation and 30-degree Cranial

Shoulder Girdle – Anteroposterior (15-degree) Erect

Shoulder Girdle – Anteroposterior (Glenohumeral Joint) – Modified (Grashey

Projection)

Shoulder – Supero-inferior (Axial)

Shoulder – Anterior Oblique (‘Y’ Projection)

Sinuses – Occipito-mental

Skull – Occipito-frontal (OF)

Skull – Occipito-frontal 30-degree Cranial (Reverse Towne’s)

Skull – Lateral Erect

Skull – Fronto-occipital (Supine/Trolley)

Skull – Fronto-occipital 30-degree Caudal (Towne’s Projection) (Supine/Trolley)

Skull – Lateral (Supine/Trolley)

Skull ‘Head’ – CT

Sternum – Lateral

Thoracic Spine – Antero-posterior

Thoracic Spine – Lateral

Thumb – Antero-posterior

Thumb – Lateral

Tibia and Fibula – Anteroposterior

Tibia and Fibula – Lateral

Toe – Hallux – Lateral

Toes – Dorsi-plantar

Toes – Second to Fifth – Dorsi-plantar Oblique

Wrist – Postero-anterior

Wrist – Lateral

Zygomatic Arches – Infero-superior

Section 3 Useful Information for Radiographic Practice

Non-Imaging Diagnostic Tests

Medical Terminology

Medical and Radiographic Abbreviations

Index