2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

Match the definitions

Match the word on the right with its definition on the left.

Categorize the clinical examples

Write the type of cellular adaptation beside its clinical example. Choices: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia.

1. ________________ 9. Lining of uterus thickens after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen.
2. ________________ 10. A man who lifts weights regularly develops larger biceps.
3. ________________ 11. The thymus gland decreases in size during childhood.
4. ________________ 12. Columnar epithelium in the bronchi of a cigarette smoker is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.
5. ________________ 13. A shot put champion has larger shoulder muscles on right than left.
6. ________________ 14. The left calf is smaller than the right calf when cast is removed from it.
7. ________________ 15. The liver regenerates after surgical removal of damaged portion.

Circle the correct words

Circle the correct word from the choices provided to complete these sentences.

1. 16. Cell death by (necrosis, apoptosis) causes inflammation, but cell death by (necrosis, apoptosis) does not.
2. 17. Dysplasia also is called (normal, atypical) hyperplasia.
3. 18. Release of (potassium, calcium) ions from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell.
4. 19. Compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anaerobic metabolism produce (more, less) ATP and (more, less) lactic acid.
5. 20. The most important way to prevent medication-related poisoning deaths in children is safe (storage, prescribing) of medications.
6. 21. Reactive oxygen species, such as (superoxide radicals, superoxide dismutase), damage cells by attacking their (potassium, membranes).
7. 22. Postmortem changes (involve, do not involve) the inflammatory response.
8. 23. Liquefactive necrosis occurs most commonly in the (brain, heart) because the cells there are rich in (lipases, hydrolases).
9. 24. Gangrene occurs when cells die of (hypoxia, trauma) and (poisoning, bacterial invasion).

Describe the differences

Describe the difference between each pair of terms.

1. 25. What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
2. 26. What is the difference between suffocation and strangulation?
3. 27. What is the difference between an abrasion and a laceration?
4. 28. What is the difference between dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification?
5. 29. What is the difference between a penetrating gunshot wound and a perforating gunshot wound?

Order the steps

Beginning with the acute obstruction of a coronary artery, sequence the events that occur during necrosis of a myocardial cell.

1. 30. Write the letters here in the correct order of the steps: _____________________________
   1. A. ATP supply decreases within the cell.
   2. B. Acute obstruction of coronary artery cuts off arterial blood supply to myocardium.
   3. C. Cell runs on anaerobic metabolism because of lack of oxygen.
   4. D. Cell bursts and spills its contents into the interstitial fluid.
   5. E. Active transport of ions across the cell membrane slows.
   6. F. Lysosomal enzymes destroy components of their own cell.
   7. G. Osmosis causes cell swelling, and calcium accumulates in the cell.
   8. H. Organelles, including lysosomes, swell and rupture.

Complete the sentences

Write one word in each blank to complete these sentences.

1. 31. Active enzymes that dismantle the cellular components during apoptosis are called _______________.
2. 32. Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if _______________ is supplied quickly.
3. 33. Active tuberculosis disease is characterized by _______________ necrosis, whereas death of brain cells is characterized by _______________ necrosis.
4. 34. During apoptosis, cell contents are contained in vesicles called _______________ _______________, which are removed by _______________.
5. 35. Liver enzymes metabolize most blood ethanol to _______________, which damages tissues.
6. 36. When excessive reactive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, _______________ _______________ occurs.
7. 37. Death of the entire person is called _______________ death.
8. 38. Melanin is synthesized by epidermal cells called _______________ and accumulates in epidermal cells called _______________.
9. 39. Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and fluorinated gases are called _____________ gases because they trap ___________ in the atmosphere.

Respond to clinical situations

Place yourself in these situations and write your responses in the spaces provided.

1. 40. Mr. Turino had severe crushing injuries of both lower extremities when his house collapsed on him during an earthquake. Among other abnormal values, his laboratory tests show elevated creatine kinase in his blood. Why is his blood creatine kinase high?
2. 41. Mrs. Montoya died peacefully in her sleep at home while lying prone. When her relatives discovered her body and rolled her over, they saw purple discoloration of half of her face and of her abdomen. They are very concerned that she might have been beaten the night before she died. What factual information do they need to relieve their concern?
3. 42. The entire Berg family was in the hospital room when Mrs. Berg died quietly from terminal cancer. As the family is preparing to leave, Kevin Berg, age 10, says to his mother, “I think grandma is not really dead. She is just sleeping. Dead people are stiff as boards. I saw that on TV. Grandma’s hands are cold, but her arms are not stiff.” His mother looks at the nurse for help. In addition to addressing the emotional issues, what factual information should be provided?
4. 43. Two of your colleagues are discussing the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cells. “Too many ROS cause necrosis,” says one. “But I read that too many ROS cause apoptosis,” says the other. What information should be explained to them to clarify that both are correct?

Draw your answers

Read the questions and draw your answers.

These are normal cells that are capable of cell division and normally receive basal levels of hormonal stimulation.

1. 44. Draw what these cells would look like after their hormonal stimulation has been reduced substantially for several weeks.
2. 45. Draw what these cells would look like after receiving excessive hormonal stimulation for several weeks.

Identify the characteristics

Choose the characteristics of apoptosis. You may select more than one answer. Choose all that apply.

1. 46. Write the letters of your choice(s) here: _____________________
   1. A. Cell is damaged by its own lysosomal...