Specialty Imaging: Temporomandibular Joint and Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS RCPS (Glasg), graduated with a dental degree from King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and trained at Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, where she earned a Doctorate of Medical Science (DMSc) and certificate of fellowship in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She is board certified by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She runs her own oral radiology private practice in Orlando, FL.

SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

4 Embryology and Fetal Development of Face and Neck

Roya Sohaey, MD

14 TMJ Embryology

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

20 Upper Respiratory Tract Embryology

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD

26 TMJ Effect on Facial Growth

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

36 TMJ Effect on Upper Respiratory Tract Morphology

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

FUNCTION AND BIOMECHANICS

40 Occlusion and Orthopedic Stability

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Guillermo Ochoa, BDS

48 Levers and Kinesiology of the Masticatory System

Alberto Canabez, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

52 Jaw Function, Dysfunction, and TMJ Biomechanics

Luigi M. Gallo, MEng, PhD

58 4D Mandibular Movements

Domingo Martín, MD, DDS and Alberto Canabez, MD

64 Tensegrity and the Upper Respiratory Tract

Jay Harris Levy, DDS

72 Tensegrity and the TMJ/AOJ Posture

Jay Harris Levy, DDS

80 The Tricentric Concept of Occlusion

Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

88 Structure of Mandibular Condyle and Related TMJ Biomechanics

Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD

92 Structure and Function of TMJ Disc and Disc Attachments

Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD

96 Modeling and Remodeling of TMJ and Mandible

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

112 Biodynamics of Upper Respiratory Tract

Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

SECTION 2: ANATOMYTMJ

118 TMJ Osseous Components

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

130 TMJ Disc/Fibrocartilage

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

136 TMJ Capsule and Ligaments

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

140 TMJ Histology and Synovial Fluid Composition

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

144 TMJ Innervation

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

146 TMJ Vasculature

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

MUSCLES 150 Muscles of Mastication

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

152 Facial Muscles and Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

166 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

178 Tongue

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

182 Posterior Cervical Muscles

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

JAWS 186 Mandible

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

192 Maxilla

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

200 Teeth

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

TEMPORAL BONE 206 Temporal Bone

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

222 Sinonasal Overview

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

236 Ostiomeatal Unit

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

240 Frontal Recess and Related Air Cells

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

250 Nasopharynx and Oropharynx

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

256 Hypopharynx

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

SKULL BASE 266 Skull Base Overview

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

272 Anterior Skull Base

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

278 Central Skull Base

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

284 Posterior Skull Base

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO TMJ 294 Cranial Nerves Overview

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

306 Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

318 Facial Nerve (CNVII)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

326 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

332 Vagus Nerve (CNX)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

338 Accessory Nerve (CNXI)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

342 Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

CERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS 348 Cervical Spine

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

366 Craniocervical Junction

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

376 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament

Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

380 Hyoid Bone

Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

SECTION 3: MODALITIES USED FOR TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IMAGING

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

388 Imaging Decision Making

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

HARD TISSUE IMAGING

390 Plain Film Imaging of TMJ

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

396 Plain Film Imaging of Upper Respiratory Tract

Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

398 Arthrography

Richard W. Katzberg, MD

400 Introduction to CBCT Imaging

Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS and Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci.

408 CBCT Analysis of TMJ

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

414 CBCT Analysis of Upper Respiratory Tract

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

424 Radiation Dose in CBCT

Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS

428 Introduction to MDCT Imaging

Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

434 MCDT Image Acquisition and Processing for TMJ and Airway Analysis

Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

SOFT TISSUE IMAGING

442 Introduction to MR Imaging

Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc, and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA

450 Dynamic MR of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Seçil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Tugrul Ormeci, MD, MSc, PhD

454 Quantitative MR of Cartilage and Implications for TMJ Imaging

Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD

460 Introduction to US Imaging

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc

468 US of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD

474 Arthroscopy

Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD

SECTION 4: TMJ DIAGNOSES

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TMD

482 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of TMD to Radiographic Findings

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

494 Functional Disorders of Muscles

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

500 Intracapsular Disorders of TMJ

Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS 508 Craniofacial Malformations and Syndromes Affecting TMJ

Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Dann Martin, MD, MS

520 Hemifacial Microsomia

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

524 Pierre Robin Sequence

Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

528 Treacher Collins Syndrome

Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS

530 Condylar Hypoplasia

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

534 Condylar Hyperplasia

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

540 Coronoid Hyperplasia

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

544 Hemimandibular Elongation

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

548 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

550 Foramen Tympanicum

H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

TRAUMA

552 TMJ Fracture, Adult and Neonatal

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

558 TMJ Dislocation

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

560 Bifid Condyle

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

564 Osteochondritis Dissecans

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS

566 Rheumatoid Arthritis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

572 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

578 Septic Arthritis

Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

582 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis

Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

584 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS

588 Degenerative Joint Disease

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

592 Idiopathic Condylar Resorption

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

598 Synovial Cyst

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD

600 TMJ Ganglion Cyst

Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DISC DERANGEMENT CONDITIONS

602 MR Analysis of Normal TMJ Disc

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

606 Fine Structural Details of Disc and Posterior Attachment

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

612 Overview of Disc Displacements

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

618 Disc Displacement With Reduction

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

624 Disc Displacement Without Reduction

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

630 Joint Fluid and Marrow Alterations

Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

636 Adhesions

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

638 US of TMJ Internal Derangement

Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD

ACQUIRED CONDITIONS

644 Dual Bite

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

650 Posterior Tooth Fulcrum Formation

Alberto Canabez, MD, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Adina Sirbu, DMD, PhD

654 Fibrous Ankylosis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

656 Bony Ankylosis

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

658 Osteoradionecrosis

Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS

662 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

666 Secondary Synovial Chondromatosis

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

668 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

672 Osteochondroma

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

678 Osteoma

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

680 Chondrosarcoma

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

684 Osteosarcoma

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD

686 Metastasis

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

MISCELLANEOUS

688 Simple Bone Cyst

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

690 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

694 Fibrous Dysplasia

C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OCCLUSAL STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS

698 Attrition

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

700 Abfraction

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

701 Hypercementosis

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

702 Cemental Fractures

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

704 Alveolar Process Exostosis

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

706 Torus Mandibularis

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

708 Torus Palatinus

Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

SECTION 5: TMJ DISORDER MIMICS

ORAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING/MIMICKING TMD

712 Odontogenic Infection of Pulpal Origin

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

716 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections

Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR

720 Osteomyelitis of Jaw

Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD