The Pigmentary System

Contributors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Part I: The Physiology of the Pigmentary System. Section 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives of the Pigmentary System. 1 A History of the Science of Pigmentation (Sidney N. Klaus). 2 Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Pigment Cellsin Nonmammalian Tissues (Joseph T. Bagnara & Jiro Matsumoto). Section 2: The Science of Pigmentation. 3 General Biology of Mammalian Pigmentation (Walter C. Quevedo Jr. & Thomas J. Holstein). 4 Extracutaneous Melanocytes (Raymond E. Boissy & Thomas J. Hornyak). 5 Regulation of Melanoblast Migration and Differentiation (David M. Parichy, Mark V. Reedy, & Carol A. Erickson). 6 Melanoblast Development and Associated Disorders (Richard A. Spritz). 7 Biogenesis of Melanosomes (Raymond E. Boissy, Marjan Huizing, & William A. Gahl). 8 Melanosome Trafficking and Transfer (Glynis A. Scott). 9 Melanosome Processing in Keratinocytes (H. Randolph Byers). 10 The Regulation of Melanin Formation (Vincent J. Hearing). 11 The Tyrosinase Gene Family (William S. Oetting & Vijayasaradhi Setaluri). 12 Molecular Regulation of Melanin Formation: Melanosome Transporter Proteins (Murray H. Brilliant). 13 Transcriptional Regulation of Melanocyte Function (Kazuhisa Takeda & Shigeki Shibahara). 14 Enzymology of Melanin Formation (Francisco Solano & Jose C. Garcia-Borron). 15 Chemistry of Melanins (Shosuke Ito & Kazumasa Wakamatsu). 16 The Physical Properties of Melanins (Tadeusz Sarna & Harold A. Swartz). 17 Photobiology of Melanins (Antony R. Young). 18 Toxicological Aspects of Melanin and Melanogenesis (Edward J. Land, Christopher A. Ramsden, & Patrick A. Riley). 19 Regulation of Pigment Type Switching by Agouti, Melanocortin Signaling, Attractin, and Mahoganoid (Gregory S. Barsh). 20 Human Pigmentation: Its Regulation by Ultraviolet Light and by Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Factors (Zalfa Abdel-Malek & Ana Luisa Kadekaro). 21 Paracrine Interactions of Melanocytes in Pigmentary Disorders (Genji Imokawa). 22 Growth Factor Receptors and Signal Transduction Regulating the Proliferation and Differentiation of Melanocytes (Ruth Halaban & Gisela Moellmann). 23 Aging and Senescence of Melanocytes (Debdutta Bandyopadhyay & Estela E. Medrano). 24 The Genetics of Melanoma (Vanessa C. Gray-Schopfer & Dorothy C. Bennett). 25 The Transformed Phenotype of Melanocytes (Dong Fang & Meenhard Herlyn). Part II: The Pathophysiology of Pigmentary Disorders. Section 3: An Overview of Human Skin Color and its Disorders. 26 A More Precise Lexicon for Pigmentation, Pigmentary Disorders, and "Chromatic" Abnormalities (James J. Nordlund, Tania Cestari, Pearl Grimes, Henry Chan, & Jean-Paul Ortonne). 27 The Normal Color of Human Skin (James J. Nordlund & Jean-Paul Ortonne). 28 Mechanisms that Cause Abnormal Skin Color (Jean-Paul Ortonne & James J. Nordlund). Section 4: Disorders of Hypopigmentation, Depigmentation and Hypochromia. 29 Genetic Hypomelanoses: Disorders Characterized by Congenital White Spotting-Piebaldism, Waardenburg Syndrome, and Related Genetic Disorders of Melanocyte Development-Clinical Aspects (Richard A. Spritz). 30 Genetic Hypomelanoses: Acquired Depigmentation. Rozycki Syndrome (Jean L. Bolognia). Vitiligo Vulgaris (James J. Nordlund, Jean-Paul Ortonne, & I. Caroline Le Poole). 31 Genetic Hypomelanoses: Generalized Hypopigmentation. Oculocutaneous Albinism (Richard A. King & William S. Oetting). Albinoid Disorders (Philippe Bahadoran & Jean-Paul Ortonne). Ataxia Telangiectasia (Anne-Sophie Gadenne). Hallerman-Streiff Syndrome (James J. Nordlund). Histidinemia (Marnie D. Titsch). Homocystinuria (Allan D. Mineroff). Oculocerebral Syndrome with Hypopigmentation (Jean L. Bolognia). Tietz Syndrome (Jean-Paul Ortonne). Kappa-Chain Deficiency (Jean-Paul Ortonne). Menkes' Kinky Hair Syndrome (Tanusin Ploysangam). Phenylketonuria (Allan D. Mineroff). 32 Genetic Hypomelanoses: Localized Hypopigmentation. "Hypomelanosis of Ito" and Mosaicism (Wolfgang Kuster & Rudolf Happle). Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (James J. Nordlund). Hypomelanosis with Punctate Keratosis of the Palms and Soles (Jean L. Bolognia). Darier-White Disease (Keratosis Follicularis;124200) (Jean L. Bolognia). Nevus Depigmentosus (Stella D. Calobrisi). Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (Pranav B. Sheth). 33 Genetic Hypomelanoses: Disorders Characterized by Hypopigmentation of Hair. Bird-Headed Dwarfism (Seckel Syndrome) (Stan P. Hill). Down Syndrome (Rosemary Geary). Fisch Syndrome (Stan P. Hill). Premature Canities (James J. Nordlund). Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (Treacher Collins Syndrome) (Rosemary Geary). Myotonic Dystrophy (Peggy Tong). PHC Syndrome (Book Syndrome) (Stan P. Hill). Pierre Robin Syndrome (James J. Nordlund). Prolidase Deficiency (Pranav B. Sheth). 34 Metabolic, Nutritional, and Endocrine Disorders Metabolic and Nutritional Hypomelanoses (Peter S. Friedmann). Hypomelanosis Associated with Endocrine Disorders (Peter S. Friedmann). 35 Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Physical Agents Causing Hypomelanoses Chemical and Pharmacologic Agents Causing Hypomelanoses (Stefania Briganti, Monica Ottaviani, & Mauro Picardo). Physical Agents Causing Hypomelanoses (Jean-Philippe Lacour). 36 Infectious Hypomelanoses (Jean-Philippe Lacour). 37 Inflammatory Hypomelanoses (Jean-Philippe Lacour). 38 Hypomelanoses Associated with Melanocytic Neoplasia (Lieve Brochez, Barbara Boone, & Jean-Marie Naeyaert). 39 Miscellaneous Hypomelanoses: Depigmentation. Alezzandrini Syndrome (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Leukoderma Punctata (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (Philippe Bahadoran). Vagabond Leukomelanoderma (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Westerhof Syndrome (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Hereditary Sclerosing Poikiloderma (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Mendes Da Costa Disease (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Reticulated Acropigmentation of Dohi (Dyschromatosis Symmetrica Hereditaria) (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Reticulate Acropigmentation of Kitamura (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). 40 Miscellaneous Hypomelanoses: Hypopigmentation. Disseminated Hypopigmented Keratoses (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Hypermelanocytic Punctata et Guttata Hypomelanosis (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis (Henk E. Menke, Germaine Relyveld, David Njoo, & Wiete Westerhof). Sarcoidosis (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). 41 Miscellaneous Hypomelanoses: Extracutaneous Loss of Pigmentation. Alopecia Areata (Wiete Westerhof). Heterochromia Irides (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Senile Canities (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). Sudden Whitening of Hair (Wiete Westerhof, David Njoo, & Henk E. Menke). 42 Hypochromia without Hypomelanosis (Jean-Philippe Lacour). Section 5: Disorders of Hyperpigmentation and Hyperchromia. 43 Genetic Epidermal Syndromes: Disorders Characterized by Generalized Hyperpigmentation Adrenoleukodystrophy (Sheila S. Galbraith & Nancy Burton Esterly). Familial Progressive Hyperpigmentation (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, Beth A. Drolet, Susan Bayliss Mallory, & Sharon A. Foley). Fanconi Anemia (Sheila S. Galbraith & Nancy Burton Esterly). Gaucher Disease (Sheila S. Galbraith & Nancy Burton Esterly). 44 Genetic Epidermal Syndromes: Disorders Characterized by Reticulated Hyperpigmentation. Berlin Syndrome (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Cantu Syndrome (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Kindler Syndrome (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Dermatopathia Pigmentosa Reticularis (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Dyschromatosis Universalis Hereditaria (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Epidermolysis Bullosa with Mottled Pigmentation (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Familial Mandibuloacral Dysplasia (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Hereditary Acrokeratotic Poikiloderma (Eulalia Baselga & Nancy Burton Esterly). Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Erythromelanosis Follicularis Faciei et Colli (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Erythrose Peribuccale Pigmentaire of Brocq (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Extracutaneous Neuroendocrine Melanoderma (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Felty Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Hyperpigmentation Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection (Philippe Bahadoran). Melanoacanthoma (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Phytophotodermatitis (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, M Protein, and Skin Changes: POEMS Syndrome (James J. Nordlund). Urticaria Pigmentosum and Mastocytosis (James J. NordlundI). Poikiloderma of Civatte (Vlada Groysman & Norman Levine). Riehl's Melanosis (Scott Bangert & Norman Levine). Atrophoderma of Pasini et Pierini (James J. Nordlund, Norman Levine, Charles S. Fulk, & Randi Rubenzik). Hyperpigmentation Associated with Scleromyxedema and Gammopathy (Kazunori Urabe, Juichiro Nakayama, & Yoshiaki Hori). Ichthyosis Nigricans, Keratoses, and Epidermal Hyperplasia (James J. Nordlund). Morphea and Scleroderma (James J. Nordlund). Pigmentary Changes Associated with Addison Disease (Cindy L. Lamerson & James J. Nordlund). Pigmentary Changes Associated with Cutaneous Lymphomas (Debra L. Breneman). 45 Genetic Epidermal Syndromes with Cafe-au-lait Macules. Familial Multiple Cafe-au-lait Spots (Nancy Burton Esterly). Neurofibromatosis (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, & Sheila S. Galbraith). Neurofibromatosis 1 with Noonan Syndrome (Nancy Burton Esterly). McCune-Albright Syndrome (Sheila S. Galbraith & Nancy Burton Esterly). Segmental Neurofibromatosis (Nancy Burton Esterly & Eulalia Baselga). Silver-Russell Syndrome (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, & Sheila S. Galbraith). Watson Syndrome (Nancy Burton Esterly). 46 Genetic Epidermal Pigmentation with Lentigines. Lentigo Simplex (Mary K. Cullen). Lentigo Senilis et Actinicus (Mary K. Cullen). Centrofacial Lentiginosis (Mary K. Cullen). LEOPARD Syndrome (Mary K. Cullen). Carney Complex (Mary K. Cullen). Other Lentiginoses (Mary K. Cullen). 47 Genetic Epidermal Syndromes: Localized Hyperpigmentation. Anonychia with Flexural Pigmentation (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, & Beth A. Drolet). Incontinentia Pigmenti (Sheila S. Galbraith & Nancy Burton Esterly). Periorbital Hyperpigmentation (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, & Beth A. Drolet). 48 Genetic Epidermal Syndromes: Disorders of Aging. Acrogeria (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, Peter M. H. Chan, & Beth A. Drolet). Metageria (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, Peter M. H. Chan, & Beth A. Drolet). Progeria (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, Peter M. H. Chan, & Beth A. Drolet). Xeroderma Pigmentosum (Anita P. Sheth, Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, Peter M. H. Chan, & Beth A. Drolet). Werner Syndrome (Nancy Burton Esterly, Eulalia Baselga, Peter M. H. Chan, Beth A. Drolet, & Cindy L. Lamerson). 49 Congenital Epidermal Hypermelanoses. Dyskeratosis Congenita (Susan Bayliss Mallory, Peggy L. Chern, & Sharon A. Foley). Ectodermal Dysplasias (Susan Bayliss Mallory, Peggy L. Chern, & Sharon A. Foley). Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis (Susan Bayliss Mallory, Peggy L. Chern, & Sharon A. Foley). Universal Acquired Melanosis (Susan Bayliss Mallory, Peggy L. Chern, & Sharon A. Foley). 50 Acquired Epidermal Hypermelanoses. Acanthosis Nigricans (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Acromelanosis Progressiva (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Becker Nevus (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Cafe-au-lait Spots (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Carcinoid Syndrome (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Cutaneous Amyloidosis (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Ephelides (Freckles) (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). Erythema ab Igne (Norman Levine & Cynthia Burk). 51 Hypermelanosis Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders. Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (Eun Ji Kwon & Victoria P. Werth). Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome (Eun Ji Kwon, James J. Nordlund, & Victoria P. Werth). Hemochromatosis and Hemosiderosis (Joerg Albrecht & Victoria P. Werth). Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (Joerg Albrecht & Victoria P. Werth). Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pigmentation (Joerg Albrecht & Victoria P. Werth). Pigmentary Demarcation Lines (Sheila S. Galbraith & Nancy Burton Esterly). Dowling-Degos Disease (Sheila S. Galbraith & Nancy Burton Esterly). 52 Acquired and Congenital Dermal Hypermelanosis. Sacral Spot of Infancy (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Nevus of Ota (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Nevus of Ito (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Phakomatosis Pigmentovascularis (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Other Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Acquired Dermal Melanocytosis (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Carleton-Biggs Syndrome (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Acquired Bilateral Nevus of Ota-like Macules (ABNOM) (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Blue Macules Associated with Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). 53 Mixed Epidermal and Dermal Hypermelanoses and Hyperchromias. Melasma (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). Melanosis from Melanoma (Sang Ju Lee, Seung Kyung-Hann, & Sungbin Im). 54 Drug-induced or -related Pigmentation (Peter A. Lio & Arthur J. Sober). Section 6: Disorders of Pigmentation of the Nails and Mucous Membranes. 55 The Melanocyte System of the Nail and its Disorders (Robert Baran, Christophe Perrin, Luc Thomas, & Ralph Braun). 56 Pigmentary Abnormalities and Discolorations of then Mucous Membranes (John C. Maize, Jr. & John C. Maize, Sr.). Section 7: Benign Neoplasms of Melanocytes. 57 Common Benign Neoplasms of Melanocytes. Pigmented Spindle Cell Nevi (Julie V. Schaffer & Jean L. Bolognia. Speckled Lentiginous Nevus (Nevus Spilus) (Julie V. Schaffer & Jean L. Bolognia). Melanocytic (Nevocellular) Nevi and Their Biology (Julie V. Schaffer & Jean L. Bolognia). 58 Rare Benign Neoplasms of Melanocytes. Nevus Aversion Phenomenon (James J. Nordlund). Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy (Julie V. Schaffer & Jean L. Bolognia). Pilar Neurocristic Hamartoma (Julie V. Schaffer & Jean L. Bolognia). Section 8: Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders. 59 Topical Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders (Rebat M. Halder & James J. Nordlund). 60 Chemophototherapy of Pigmentary Disorders (Rebat M. Halder & James J. Nordlund). 61 UVB Therapy for Pigmentary Disorders (Thierry Passeron & Jean-Paul Ortonne). 62 Sunscreens and Cosmetics (James J. Nordlund & Rebat M. Halder). 63 Surgical Treatments of Pigmentary Disorders (Rebat M. Halder & James J. Nordlund). 64 Laser Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders (Rebat M. Halder, Lori M. Hobbs, & James J. Nordlund). Index. Plate section.